初中英语语法 —名词的数.doc

初中英语语法列表名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。这和汉语不同，比如，在汉语中，我们说一个苹果，那就是一个苹果，没什么特殊变化。你要说三个苹果，只需把“一”换成“三”就可以了。而在英语中，一个苹果是one apple，三个苹果是 three apples，不仅数量词变化了，名词也有相应的变化。下面我们就将名词变复数的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化。第一部分：规则变化 情况构成法读音例词一般情况（包括以e结尾的名词）加-s-s在清辅音ptk f后读s在浊辅音和元音后读z在辅音szd ?后读iz口诀：清清浊浊元浊Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags, keys, faces以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-es在sz?t?后读izClasses, boxes, watches, brushes 以辅音+y结尾变y为i，加es读zCities, countries, studies以元音+y结尾加-s读zBoys, rays, days 有人还把以下两个加入了名词有规则变复数的行列:情况构成法读音例词以o 结尾加-es读zHeroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes加-s读zBamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos以f, fe结尾变f, fe为v，再加-es读vzLeaf-leavesLife-livesWife-wivesThief-thievesHalf-halvesKnife-knivesWolf-wolvesSelf-selvesLoaf-loaves加-s读sRoofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs第二部分：不规则变化我们经常会看到有些名词变复数时并没有遵循上述规则。这就是名词的不规则变化。还有一些名词，单复数是同一个形式的。不过，我们还是可以通过一些比较，发现其中的一些奥妙。以下我将为大家讲讲名词的不规则变化。一、有些名词中保存了英语中古旧的复数形式，如：man-men woman-womentooth-teeth foot-feetchild-children goose-geesemouse-mice ox-oxen二、有些是外来词，仍保有原来的复数形式，如：Phenomenon-phenomena（现象）Formula-formulae（公式）Thesis-theses（论文）Basis-bases（基础）Analysis-analyses（分析）Criterion-criteria（标准）Crisis-crises（危机）Appendix-appendices（附录） 三、部分单词的复数形式不变。例：fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon, meansmeans四、compound nouns，这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示例：daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳父man-of-warmen-of-war兵舰; maid-servantmaid-servantsstep-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law.但是，也有些合成名词，特别是由man和woman构成的合成名词，里面所含的成分，全都要变为复数，如：Man-servantmen-servants，woman doctorwomen doctors等五、有些名词经常是带着-s词尾的，但通常都作单数看待，如： Phonetics（语音学），physics（物理学），optics（光学），politics（政治），news（新闻）等。六、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀，trousers长裤，wages工资，belongings所有物， surroundings环境，savings储蓄，findings调查结果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs楼梯，等七、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，例：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼，papers文件，证件，greens青菜，manners礼貌，ruins废墟，troops军队，looks外貌，times时代，等第三部分：不可数名词的计量方法（1）一般用“数字+of+计量单位+名词”表示，（注意：当数字大于一时，表示计量单位的名词可以有复数形式）。如：a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of meat 一块肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 两碗米 a sum of money 一笔钱 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 两条建议（2）用much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可数名词练习题：1、 All the people at the conference are _.a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb. mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers (C)2、All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor (a)3、-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some.A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D)4、- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B)5、Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B)6、There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B)7、The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C)8、We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C)9、Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B)10、He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B)11、Please pass me _. A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters C. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C)12、There are a lot of _ down there but hardly any _.A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B)13、This table is made of _.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D)14、_ can get a better view of the game than the participants.A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons (B)15、Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C)16、Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us.A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news (B)17、Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident.A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B)18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A)19、The police investigated those _