with复合结构.doc

“with复合结构”与“独立主格结构”是学习英语时，经常接触的句型，也是高考考查的热点之一。 一、with复合结构 1. with复合结构的构成 “with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”构成with复合结构，宾语可以是名词或代词，宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等。 1） with + 宾语 + 现在分词（宾语与宾补之间存在逻辑主谓关系，时间上表示进行） The young woman, with a baby sleeping in her arms, was wandering in the street. 2） with + 宾语 + 过去分词（宾语与宾补之间存在逻辑动宾关系，时间上表示完成） All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 3） with + 宾语 + to do （宾语与宾补之间存在逻辑主谓关系，时间上表示将来） With so many essays to write, he wont have time to go shopping this morning. 4） with + 宾语 + 介词短语 BBC English broadcasts programmes for China with explanations in Chinese. 5） with + 宾语 + 形容词 / 副词 With the door open, the noise of the machine is almost deafening. The little boy sat in front of the house, with his shoes off. 2. with复合结构的作用 1） 作状语。with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。 With the meeting over, all the representatives left the meeting-room. （表时间） Jack was tired and soon fell asleep with the light still burning. （表伴随） He sat with his arms clasped around his knees. （表方式） 2） 作定语。 There was a letter for Lanky with a Swiss stamp on it. It was a vast stretch of country with cities in the distance. 二、独立主格结构 1 独立主格结构的构成 独立主格结构的构成是“名词（代词） + 现在分词 / 过去分词 / 动词不定式 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语”。 The meeting over, everyone tried to go home earlier. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. All flights having been canceled, we decided to take a train to Paris. 2 独立主格结构的特点 1）这种结构主要用于正式文体，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语存在逻辑主谓关系，与过去分词之间存在逻辑动宾关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 3. 独立主格结构的作用 这种结构在句中主要作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。 The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. The boy leading the way (= Because the boy led the way), we had no trouble finding the strange cave. There being no further business to discuss (= As there was no further business to discuss), we all went home.with复合结构与独立主格结构是英语中常见的两种结构形式。从某种意义上说，它们可以算作是非谓语动词用法的延伸。它们都可以在句中作原因状语、伴随状况状语、条件状语、时间状语或结果状语用，一般也可以相互转换。虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同，但其结构形式和名称却不相同。抓住这一点，就可以把二者融会贯通，从而在阅读中减少不必要的理解障碍。 With复合结构的模式是：with+名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语） 独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词/代词（作逻辑主语）+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语（作逻辑谓语） 请看下例： 一、作时间状语 1、With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. 2、With our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday. =Our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday. 3、With the traffic light green, the bus got moving. =The traffic light green, the bus got moving. 4、With the wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel. =The wedding dinner party(being) over, we left the hotel. 二、作原因状语 5、With it being Sunday, the library was closed. =It being Sunday, the library was closed. 6、With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. =The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. 7、With us to care for the children you are able to be carefree away from home. =We to care for the children, you are able to be carefree away from home.（注意此处的we 不得改成us，用了us便不是独立主格结构了。） 8、With the key having been lost, she could not enter the room.=The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 三、作条件状语 1、With time permitting（许可）,well visit the Summer Palace.=Time permitting, well visit the Summer Palace. 2、With the car going wrong, well have to stop at the foot of the mountain.=The car going wrong, well have to stop at the foot of the mountain. 四、作伴随状况状语 1、The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed.=The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing on the bed. 2、He wore a shirt with the neck open.=He wore a shirt, the neck open. 3、Last night I followed him, and climbed in, with a sword in my hand.=Last night I followed him and climbed in, sword in hand. 4、He sat there thinking, with his head on his hand.=He sat there thinking, head on hand. 注意：若with复合结构在句中作伴随状况状语，且结构模式又是“with+名词+介词短语”，那么with复合结构转换成独立主格结构时，介词前后的两个名词就应该用单数形式且不带包括冠词在内的任何限定词。上述句3、句4便是例证。 无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构，都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语。如下例中的was就必须去掉：He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand. 这两种结构在句中作时间、条件或原因状语时，分别与表示时间、条件或原因的状语从句同义。例如： Time permitting; we will visit the Yellow Mountain.=If time permits we will visit the Yellow Mountain. It being Sunday, people got up late that day.=As it was Sunday people got up late that day. The meeting over, we all went home.=When the meeting was over we all went home. With复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。例如： Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.=Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.有趣的是，这两种结构可以结合起来合适，并表现出独立主格的特色来。例如：In the park, the tourists are enjoying different kinds of trees, some with a single branch growing as high as 15 meters.（游客们在公园里观赏各种树木，有些树的单枝就高达15米。）句中“some+with”是独立主格结构，而with后面又带有自己的复合结构。 The boys are playing with snow, each with a face red with cold.(孩子们在打雪仗，个个脸蛋都冻得通红。)在句中，“each+with”是独立主格结构，而with后面又带有自己的复合结构。 切记，后面能带复合结构的介词只有with, without和like。这样用的without和like可见于下例中： The