交通运输专业英语 翻译 lesson15.doc

Lesson 15Injuries are classified according to the following criteria.1. Slight injury. An injury of a minor character such as a sprain, bruise or a cut or laceration not judged to be severed.2. Serious injury. An injury for which a person is detained in hospital as an inpatient, or any of the following injuries regardless of whether he is detained in hospital: fractures, concussion, internal injuries, crushings, severe cuts and lacerations, severe general shock requiring medical treatment.3. Death. Death within 30 days.Although not in general used for compiling national statistics, an alternative scale for classifying injury is used for research purposes, in which injuries are usually divided into seven levels.事故被定级取决于以下几个标准（1） 轻伤。较轻的伤害比如扭伤，擦伤，割伤，划破等不能被判定为严重的伤害。（2） 严重的伤害。一个人必须被留在医院进行入院治疗的伤害或者不管其是否住院，只要有以下伤害情形之一的，骨折，脑震荡，内伤，压伤，严重的割伤，严重的休克需要医学治疗。（3） 死亡。30天内死亡。另一种伤害分类方法一般不用作汇编国内统计资料，但被用于研究目的，该方法把伤害分为七个等级。以下是简写的伤害分类等级。等级0：没有伤害。 等级1：轻伤。 等级2：中等伤害。 等级3：严重伤害，没有生命危险。 等级4：严重伤害，有生命危险。 等级5：危险的，不一定幸存。 等级6：死亡。Details of injuries falling into these categories for the different regions of the body are given in the reference paper. Alterations are made to these scales from time to time.在该引用中详细的伤害因身体部位的不同被分为以下几个种类。分类方法也时时刻刻在改变。Sinceinjuryaccidentsaretheonlyoneswhicharenationallyrecordedandanalyzed,therestatisticsunderestimatethetruenumbersofaccidents,becauseaccidentswhichdonotresultininjuryarenotincluded(althoughasmallproportionoftheseaccidentsarereportedtothepolice).Intuitivelyitmightbethoughtthatalldamage-onlyaccidentsweresotrivialandoccurredatsuchalowspeedthattheywerenotworthconsidering.Thatthisisnotsoisperhapsbestillustratedbyanexample. 由于伤害事故时唯一被全国记录并分析，这些统计低估了真正的事故数，因为那些没有造成伤害的事故并没有被包含（尽管一小部分事故被告知了警察）。直观上所有发生在低速情况下仅仅造成损害的事故是如此不重要并不值得被考虑。也许举一个例子说明事实并非如此。 Consider what happens when a car carrying a driver alone strikes a rigid wall head on at a sped of, say 25 mile/h.Not every such accident results in injury. At any particular impact speed there is a probability of being uninjured, slightly injured; seriously injured or killed, and of course, the probabilities of injury increase with impact speed and those of being uninjured decrease. When no injury results such accidents are not included in the national statistics, although other accidents at the same speed but in which the driver is injured are included. 假如一辆载有一名驾驶员的轿车以每小时25英里的速度迎面撞上一堵硬墙，我们看看会发生什么。并非每起此类事故都会造成人员受伤。以任何速度撞击都有可能造成无人受伤、有人轻伤甚至有人重伤和死亡的可能，当然了，随着撞击速度的增大，人员受伤的可能性也会相应增加，而无人受伤的可能性则会相应减小。此次全国统计数字并未包括此类事故中无人受伤的结果，但是包括了撞击速度相同并造成驾驶员受伤的其他事故。In similar circumstances, if there are two or more people in the car. The chances of an injury accident are, of course, greater than if there is only one occupant. In general, the greater the number of people involved in an accident of a given severity (in this case severity is measured by speed of impact with a wall.) the great the chance of it being an injury accident, and therefore of being included in the national statistics.在相似的情况下，如果有两个或者以上的人在车内，伤害发生的机率比一个人要大。一般而言，在一个具有一定严重程度的事故中（这里严重程度以撞墙速度的结果衡量）所涉及的人数越多该事故成为伤害事故的概率越大，因此该事故被包含进国家统计资料的概率越大。 Thus head-on collisions between cars are more likely to be recorded than accident in which only one car is involved. Moreover, of the accident is of a kind in which the risk of injury is low, such as read-end collisions betweens cars. The proportion of such accidents which appears in the national statistic is lower than for high risk accidents such as head-on collisions ,or collisions with heavy commercial vehicles ,and all types of accidents in build-up areas where speeds are low are likely to have a lower proportion of in injury accidents than those in rural areas ,where speeds are higher .相比那些仅涉及一辆车的事故，这些正面碰撞的车辆事故更容易被记录。此外，如果事故是低伤害风险的，比如追尾，这类事故相对于那些高危险的事故比如正面碰撞，出现在国家统计资料上的可能性是很低的。各种发生在建筑多的低速度地区的事故可能有低的伤害比例比那些发生在高速度的乡村地区的事故。 There features of the national statistics should be remembered when making use of accident data.当利用事故数据时，这些全国统计资料的特征应当被记录。2国际比较Table 15.1 compares the fatalities in Great Britain with those in seven others countries and will be seen that, whether judged by deaths per unit of population, or by deaths per vehicle, Britain compares favorably with almost all others except Sweden. 表15.1比较了英国的公路死亡数和其他七个国家的情况。它表明无论按人口或者单位事故的死亡率，英国都比除了瑞典之外的国家有利。Misleading conclusions may be drawn if only one of the rates, deaths per vehicle ,or deaths unit population ,is considered .For example, on the basis of deaths per 100000 populations both the Irish Republic and Spain have lower figures than the US , while on the basis of deaths per vehicle ,the reserve is true. It was shown some years ago that these contradictions arise because those countries with large numbers of vehicle per unit of population usually have large numbers of deaths per unit of population but small numbers of deaths per vehicle, perhaps because, as vehicle become more numerous, road users become more careful and road conscious. By comparing numbers of deaths from 1930 to 1950 in 18 countries, it was shown that there was an approximate relationship between deaths per annum 100000 population ,D/p ,and N/p the numbers of vehicles per 1000population, represented mathematically by D/p= 0.0003(N/p). Alternatively, the number of deaths per annum D =0.0003(n/p). In later work, covering 70 countries, from 1960 to 1967, the same relationship was found to hold.如果仅仅按一种比率，单位事故死亡率或者单位人口死亡率，它将描绘出令人迷惑的结论。例如，以每十万人口的为基础的死亡率，爱尔兰和西班牙比美国有着较低的数字。然而 ，以单位事故死亡率为基础，结果却相反。在几年以前这些矛盾凸显了，这或许是由于在车辆越多时，道路使用者将越谨慎。因此那些每单位人口拥有汽车很多的国家通常有很大的单位人口死亡率，但没车人口死亡人数却很少。通过比较18个国家1930到1950年的死亡人数表明：在每十万人口年度死亡率，与每十万人口车辆拥有辆之间存在着近似关系。用数学公式表示为D/P=0.0003（N/p)1/3. 相比之下，每年死亡人数的公式，D=0.0003(NP) 1/3. 后来覆盖70个国家的从1960到1970年的相同的关系仍有效。Fig.15.1 shows the first formula in graphical form, and we may regard points below the line as indication better results in road safety than those above the line .However ,the most important point to remember is that it may be misleading to quote just one of the two rates given in columns 5 and 6 of table15.1 as proof of the superiority of road safety measures in one country compared with those of another.图1展示了第一个公式15在图形化的形式,我们可以把点线以下指示更好的结果在道路安全比上面的线。然而,最重要的一点要记住的是,这可能会误导引用的一个列中给出两个利率5和6的table15.1作为优势的证明在一个国家的道路安全措施与另一个。The trends in casualties in Great Britain over the years 1930 to 1984 are graphed in Fig 15.2 together with corresponding figures for motor vehicles registered and traffic flow. A remarkable feature of these figures is that while up to the mid 1960s injuries have increased roughly in line with numbers of registered vehicles, the numbers of road deaths are now no higher than they were in the 1930s.这个趋势在伤亡在英国在1930年到1984年被图标表示在图15.2连同相应的数据为机动车辆注册和交通流。一个明显的特征是,虽然这些数字高达1960年代中期伤害增加了大致同数量的注册车辆的数量,现在道路死亡事故是不高于他们在1930年代。3.1Somegeneralstatistics一些一般性的统计. Althoughmostoftheaccidentdatagatheredfromthenationalstatisticsare虽然大多数的事故收集的数据来自国家统计数据其中包含详细的表格和图表，它有助于概述一些意外情况containedinthedetailedltablesanddiagrams,itisusefultooutlinesomeofthemore更重要的特征accidentsituation:three-quartersofaccidentsareinurbanareas;One-halfkilledinurbanaccidents四分之三的事故是在城市地区在城市地区一般是行人死亡areasarepedestrians;two-thirdofurbanaccidentsareatjunctions; nearlyone-thiedof三分之二的城市交通事故是在路口处近三分之一的城市交通事故urbanaccidentsinvolveapedestrianandonlyonevehicle;three-fifthdkilledinrural是在路口处在农村地区五分之三是汽车成员死亡areasarecaroccupants; one-thirdofruralaccidentsinvolveonlyonevehicle;inabout三分之一的农村事故只涉及一辆车one-halfofruralsinglevehicleaccidentsoverturningoccurs;one-fifthofallcasualties有约一般的农村单一车辆事故发生倾覆五分之一的伤亡是行人arepedestrians,one-quartercyclists,andtwo-fifthscaroccupant