研究生英语下册练习答案.doc

Unit 1 Short StoriesText AThe Far and the NearKey to Exercises, II.VocabularyA.1.was stunned by 2.deliberately3.bellowed 4.paralyze5.surge up 6.perplexity7.timorous 8.sullenB.1. plodded on2.Disquiet 3.meager4.stall up5.rumble6. shrill 7.ghastly 8.mishap 9.sallow 10.outskirtsIII.Grammar & StructureA.By 1920, for the first time in U.S. history, the majority of the countrys 105 million citizens lived in urban center. There, the effects of a new economic and social structure, monopoly capitalism, and of new technologies of leisure and entertainment, like radio, the movies, and sound recording, was being felt with an unstable mixture of enthusiasm and trepidation. If the American metropolis brought “the shock of the new” to bear on individuals with unprecedent power, it also served for a site for the eruption of anxieties about the social, psychic, and spiritual effects of modernity and modernization. Throughout the era of modernism, the city symbolized the challenges of confront not only the new but also the cultural other. Between 1880 and 1920 approximately 28,000,000 immigrants - mainly of southern and eastern European origin, and thus of the so-called “darker races” - entering the U.S., the vast majority settling in New York City, where by 1920 only one of six inhabitant was white, U.S.-born, and Protestant. The immigrants were joined by millions of African-Americans from the rural south to industrial north and mid-western centers, sought economic and social opportunities on the new status of the U.S. as world industrial leader.These kinds of cultural dislocation produced much of what we now count as American culture of the first decades of the 20th century, including Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, jazz, and early Hollywood, and they contributed immeasurably of varied styles of avant-garde, bohemian, and high literary performance. 1. _centers_ 2. _were_3.unprecedented 4. _as_ 5. _confronting_6. _entered_ 7. inhabitants_ 8. _northern_ 9. _seeking_ 10. _to_ B.1.C 2.B3.D4.A5.A 6.C 7. D 8. B 9.C 10.DIV.TranslationThere was a little tidy cottage of white boards, trimmed vividly with green blinds. To one side of the house there was a garden neatly patterned with plots of growing vegetables, and an arbor for the grapes which ripened late in August. Before the house there were three mighty oaks which sheltered it in their clean and massive shade in summer, and to the other side there was a border of gay flowers. It was on the outskirts of a little town that the express train passed every day for more than twenty years. The air of tidiness, thrift and modest comfort around the little cottage and the waving of its owners had become fixed in the mind of the engineer, bringing him the most extraordinary happiness and great courage.After retirement, he couldnt wait to get off the train and go visiting the owners of the little cottage, whose lives had been wrought into his own. But the scene of his trip was so unfamiliar that he had a sense of bewilderment and regret. The indifference and mistrust of the owners had drowned the warm picture in his heart.Text BLuckKey to Exercises Comprehension & Appreciation A.1.D2.C3.A4.B5.C6.DB.1.我望着这个神一样的人物，看呀,看呀,看呀,对我来说这就像享用美酒佳肴一样。我审视着，打量着，留意着，只见他脸色平静，神态拘谨，高贵庄重，浑身上下都透出一种朴质的诚恳；他并没留意到他自己的伟大没有留意盯住他的那几百双羡慕的眼睛，没有留意在座人士胸中迸发出来并向他奔流过去的那种深深的、忠实的、真诚的景仰。2.很明显，他的样子不错，长得好看，很可爱，又正直。因此，看到他像一尊雕像一样静静地站在那里，回答问题时表现得确实令人惊异地愚昧无知，我心里感到极度难受。3.请相信我，考试的那天他成功地通过了！就凭那些完全一知半解的、考前临时死记硬背的回答题，他通过了，而且还受到了表扬，而其他的人，虽然知道的东西比他多一千倍，却考不及格。4.我的良心日夜都在拷打我。我所做的这一切纯粹是出于慈爱，仅仅为了减轻这个可怜的青年考试失败的痛苦。我做梦也没有想到会产生像现在这样的极为荒谬的结果。我感受到了像弗兰肯斯泰因那样的过错和痛苦。5.每一天，每一年都有一种最为非凡的、令人惊奇的幸运跟随着他。在大约30年时间里的历次战争中，他都是个杰出的战士。他以大量的纰漏将他的军事生涯弄得乌七八糟，可是没有一次纰漏曾妨碍他成为一个爵士，或是准男爵，或是勋爵，或是什么的。Unit 2 EconomyText AConsumer Socialization of Family MembersKey to ExercisesII.VocabularyA.1.norm 2.occupational3.target4.ongoing5.adjustment6.dispose of7.transfer8.initiateB.1.disposal 2.modified 3.reinforce 4.sole 5.initiate6. adjustable7.assumed 8.transferable9.illustration 10.range fromIII.Grammar & StructureA.Marketing communications can influence a consumers level of self-esteem. Exposure advertisements can trigger a process of social comparison, in that a person tries to evaluate his or her self by comparing it with the people showing in advertising images. This form of comparison appears to be a basic human motive. Many marketers had tapped into this need by supplying idealized images of happy, attractive people who are using their products in order to motivate people to buy the products.A recent study illustrates what this social comparison process works. The study show应该是showed that female college students tended to compare their physical appearance to advertising models. Study participants were exposed to beautiful women in advertisements. Afterwards the participants expressed lowered satisfaction with their own appearance as comparing with other participants who were not exposed to the advertisement. Another study demonstrated that young womens perceptions of their own body shapes and sizes altered after the women had viewed as little as thirty minutes of television programming.Self-esteem advertising attempts to change peoples product attitudes by stimulating negative feelings about the self. One strategy is to challenge the consumers self-esteem and provide a remedy. For example, an advertisement for Zest soap says, “Youre not full clean until youre Zestfully clean.”When consumers compare their actual attributes with their ideal image of themselves, their self-esteem often suffers. Consumers might ask themselves questions such as, “Am I as attractive as I would like to be?” “Do I make much money as I should?” 1. _to_ 2. _which_3. _shown_4. _have_5. _how_6. _with_7. _compared_8. _were_9. _positive_10. _fully_ B.1.D 2.C3.D4.B5.A 6.C 7. B 8. D 9.C 10.AIV.TranslationIn the consumption decision making, individual members of families often serve different roles: influencers, gatekeepers, deciders, buyers, preparers, users, maintainers and disposers. In some cases a single family member will independently assume a couple of roles while in other cases the role of the user of a product is separate from that of the decider or the buyer. A case in point is that household products like food and soaps may be purchased by a person but consumed by many, whereas personal care items, such as cosmetics or shaving cream, might be purchased by an individual family member for his or her own consumption. Houses and cars, on the other hand, are often determined by spouses, perhaps with involvement from children. As a result the marketers frequently examine the attitudes and behaviors of the family member who is believed to be the decision maker. Its also of significance for the marketers to consider the attitudes and behavior of the person most likely to be the primary user of the product or service.Text BMarketings Impact on ConsumersKey to Exercises Comprehension & Appreciation A.1.D.2.B.3.B.4.A.5.C.6.D.B.1.在许多方面，我们受市场商人的“摆布”，我们依靠他们向我们兜售所谓的安全和放心的商品，依靠他们告诉我们产品的真实情况，依靠他们合理定价妥善发货。2.音乐、电影、体育、图书及其他被大众市场消费的娱乐形式构成了流行文化。流行文化既是营销产品也是市场商人的灵感所在。3.我们无法忽视营销在创造与传播流行文化中的地位。但很多人浑然不觉市场营销体系改变着他们的世界观，从电影、音乐符号、内饰、到其他人身上充满魅力的容貌。4.实际上，很多消费者更易识别这些人物特征，而不是前总统、大财阀或世界领袖。5.另一方面，伴随各种不同文化的产品与方式的融合，流行文化继续以新奇的方式发展。Unit 3 HealthText AA Modern EpidemicKey to ExercisesII.VocabularyA.1.vomit2.dramatic3.predisposition4.confines5.novel6.hallmark7.ubiquitous8.avidB.1.out of sync2.account for3.trigger4.teems with5.exposure6.vigilance7.outgrow8.underlie9.take out on10.ubiquitousIII.Grammar & StructureA.But contrary to what many people believe, an increase intake of dairy products, if low-fat (milk) or full-fat (milk and cheese), had a neutral effect on weight. And although conventional advice to eat less fat, weight loss was greatest among people who ate more yogurt and nuts, including peanut butter, over each four-year period. Nuts are high in vegetable fat, and previous small studies have shown that eating peanut butter can help people gain weight and keep it off, probably because it slows the return of hunger. Yogurt, among all foods, was most strongly linked to weight loss was the studys most surprising dietary finding, the researchers said. Participants who ate less yogurt lost an average of 0.82 pound every four years. Yogurt contains healthful bacteria that in animal studies increase production of intestinal hormones that enhance satiety and decrease hunger, Dr. Hu said. The bacteria may also raise the bodys metabolic rate, making weight control easier. But, consistency with the new studys findings, metabolism takes a hit from refined carbohydrates - sugars and starches stripped of their fiber, as white flour. When Dr. David Ludwig of Childrens Hospital Boston compared the effects of refined carbohydrates to the effects of whole grains in both animals and people, he found that metabolism, which determines how many calories are used at rest, slowed with the consumption of refined grains and stayed the same after consumption of whole grains.1. _increased_2._whether_3. _despite_4. _lose_5. _That_6. _more_7. _consistent_8. _like_9. _with_10._but_B.1.C2.B3.D4.C5.D6A7.C8.D9.A10.AIV.TranslationThe hygiene hypothesis holds that people living in too sterile an environment are not exposed to enough pathogens to keep the immune system busy. Since our bodies evolved to deal with a certain level of such pathogens, when it is not exposed to this level, the immune system will attack harmless antigens and thus normally benign microbial objects - like pollen - will trigger an immune response.The hygiene hypothesis is developed to explain the observation that hay fever and eczema, both allergic diseases, are less common in children from larger families, which are, it is presumed, exposed to more infectious agents through their siblings, than in children from families with only one child. The hygiene hypothesis has been extensively investigated by immunologists and has become an important theoretical framework for the study of allergic disorders. It is used to explain the increase in allergic diseases that have been seen since industrialization, and the higher incidence of allergic diseases in more developed countries.Text BReturn of a KillerKey to Exercises Comprehension & Appreciation A.1.B2.D3.C4.D5.A6.BB.1.去年冬天，中国采取了包括禁止销售种活的动物的严厉措施以应对非典的爆发；这些措施使那些为了迎合广东人喜好新鲜野味而去捕杀野生动物的农民，贩卖野生动物的商贩以及烹饪野味的厨师遭受了很大损失。2.考虑到中国公共健康部门的资源仍很缺乏，而且其他部门的官员往往各行其事，确实令人不安。3.如果中国打算阻止下一次的非典爆发，那么就应该在改善国民个人卫生方面多做工作。4.在近期的非典危机中，虽然政府努力教育国民要勤洗手，要在家里消毒，但是公众的警惕性仍然变得越来越低。5.中国和世界其他地区能否应付下一次的非典爆发，这取决于非典病毒是退化成了温和的感冒病毒，还是发展成了更为致命，更不可预测的病毒。Unit 4 EducationText AThe Disadvantages of Elite EducationKey to ExercisesII.VocabularyA.1. prestigious2. connived3. implicit4. engage in 5. a thrilling 6. spectacle 7. prodigy8. inculcate B.1.paradoxical2.On behalf of 3.allegiance4.diverse5.identity6. advocator 7.relentlessly 8.lucrative 9.smugness10.dawned on III.Grammar & StructureA.New York State already outspends the rest of the nation on education, and a group of education experts at Teachers College at Columbia University are calling for it to spend even more. At a conference on Tuesday, the Campaign for Educational Equity will suggest that the state, that spends an average of $18,126 annually per student, should also pay for an array of support services outside of the classroom.While some educators have long supported such services for the poor, the governor and State Legislature would have to approve to the increased education spending as part of the states budget - something that is unlikely giving the tough fiscal times.“Were always trying to strike balance between protecting taxpayers and investing in shared priorities like education,” said Dean G. Skelos, a Republican from Long Island.“Moreover, the state is facing extraordinary fiscal challenges, including a $2 billion budget deficit next year that must be closed without raising taxes.” Sheldon Silver, a Manhattan Democrat, said that because he recognized the needs of poor students, he believed that the first step should be to increase overall education spending for poor districts rather than focusing on separate spending for support services outside the classroom. In papers to be presented at Tuesdays conference, Robert Smith, an education professor and lawyer who is the executive director of the Campaign for Educational Equity, laid out the result of a five-year effort to determine the cost of providing the extra services with all poor students. It arrived at a total average cost per year of $13,900 a student. But after deducting current spending for these services and assuming that not all services would be used, it came up with a total net cost of $4,750. 1. _is_ 2. _which_3. _/_4. _/_5. _given_6. _a_7. _ however_ 8. _although_9. _to focus_10._to_ B.1.A 2.D3.B4.C5.D 6.C 7. B 8. D 9.A 10.CIV.TranslationThis passage mainly talks about my reflections over an elite education. One day, it dawned on me that I didnt know how to talk with a plumber although I had received fourteen years elite education. I come to realize that there might be a few holes in the elite education. The first disadvantage is that it makes you incapable of talking to people who arent like you. The second disadvantage is that it inculcates a false, exaggerated sense of self-worth. The third disadvantage is that it teaches students the analytic and rhetorical skills necessary for success in law or medicine or science or business, but pays no regard to a real humanistic education. The elite education tries to give us the next generation of leaders, but it needs further thinking that what kind of elites can shoulder the task of being the next generation of leaders. Text BElite South Korean University Rattled by SuicidesKey to Exercises Comprehension & Appreciation A.1.B.2.C.3.C.4.D.5.A.6.D.B.1.韩国科学技术院简称为Kaist里的学业压力非常大，自杀事件发生后，忧心忡忡的心理师扩大了心理辅导服务的范围。2. 学校里的心理师说最近由于期末考试即将来临，在这种关键时刻，几乎没有什么学生来接受心理辅导。3. 整个韩国的自杀率在经济发展与合作组织的国家里位列第一，在发达国家里长期名列前位。首尔的地铁站里都设置了障碍，防止行人跳下站台，扑向进站的火车，首都的八座桥梁上也安装了闭路摄像头，以监控是否有人自杀。4. 韩国科学技术院并不在乎全国统考的结果，而是从一些理科超强的高中招收尖子毕业生。这所大学一年只招收1000名新生。录取的关键是面试情况、高中成绩单和高中校长的推荐信。5. 对某些学生，特别是那些以前一直是学业明星，而现在却突然发现必须非常努力才能在更为严峻的竞争中胜出的学生而言，压力变得太大了。Unit 5 EssaysText ASpell of the Rising MoonKey to ExercisesII.VocabularyA. 1.be apt to2.inexorably 3.feel drawn to4.an odd5.loom 6.an unerring7.stranded 8.tuggingB.1.steal over 2. in awe 3.indulge 4. waxing 5. restored6. impassive 7. calculating 8.commanding9. bestowed 10. serried III.Grammar & StructureA. The moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. The moon orbits the earth from 384,400 km and has an average speed of 3700 km per hour. It has a diameter of 3476 km, which is about that of the earth. The moon is the second bright object in the sky after the sun. The gravitational forces between the earth and the moon cause some interesting affect; tides are the most obvious. The moon has no atmosphere, but there is evidence that there may be water ice in some deep craters near the moons North and South Pole that are permanently shaded. Most of the moons surface is covered with regality, which is a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris produced by meteor impact. There are two types of terrain on the moon. One is the heavily cratered and very old highland. The other type is the relative smooth younger crater that was flooded with molten lava. Through the 19th and 20th centuries, visual exploration through powerful telescopes has fielded a fairly comprehensive picture of the invisible side of the moon. The unseen far side of the moon was first revealed to the world in October 1959 through photographs made by the Soviet Lunik III spacecraft. This photograph showed that the far side of the moon is similar with the near side except that large lunar Maria is absent. Craters are now known to cover the entire moon, range in size from huge, ringed Maria to those of microscopic size. The entire moon has about 3 trillion craters larger than 1m in diameter. The moon shows different phases as it moves along its orbit around the earth. Half the moon is always in sunlight, just as half the earth has day while the other half has night. The phases of the moon depend on how much of the sunlit half can be seen at any one time. In the new moon, the face is completely in shade. About a week later, the moon is in first quarter, resembling a half-circle; another week later, the full moon shows its fully lighted surface; a week afterward, in its last quarter, the moon appears as a half-circle again. The entire cycle is repeated each lunar month, which is approximately 29.5 days. The moon is filling