英语如何进行发音英文.ppt

Phonetics LING200Spring2002 Whatisphonetics Acousticphonetics physicalpropertiesofsounds signsAuditoryphonetics perceptionofsounds signsArticulatoryphonetics productionofsounds signs Articulatoryphonetics DescriptionofspeechsoundsVocaltractstructuresrelevantforspeechTranscriptionofspeechsoundsSoundinventories Ofspokenlanguages Vocaltractanatomy Majorstructures Phoneticdescription Consonants e g LaryngealsettingvoicelessPlaceofarticulationbilabialDegreeofocclusion mannerstop Phonetictranscription AlphabeticandothersymbolswhichabbreviatephoneticdescriptionsE g voicelessbilabialstop p Differentsystemsofphonetictranscription Americanist InternationalPhoneticAssociation Valueofphonetictranscription Auniversalframeworkforthedescriptionoflanguages1symbol 1soundManylanguageslackwritingsystemsSuperiortomanywritingsystems Preparingatranscription Whatarethesoundsofthelanguage Howcantheyberepresented Phonetictranscription driftwood cane footwear grease straightup yourcollarbone Phonetictranscription t z driftwood th z cane qhE footwear XE grease nt q straightup nt q yourcollarbone Vocaltractanatomy UpperarticulatorLowerarticulator Majorlowerarticulators Majorstructuresofthetongue Descriptionofspeechsounds PlaceofarticulationDegreeofocclusion manner OralornasalLaryngealsetting Mainparametersforconsonants Degreeofocclusion Howclosearelowerandupperarticulator Relativelyclose constricted occluded airflow consonantsRelativelyfarapart unconstrictedairflow vowelsDefinesclassesofsoundsVowelsvs consonants a vs d Subclassesofvowels a vs i Subclassesofconsonants d vs z Placeofarticulation consonants DifferentlanguagesproducesoundsatdifferentplacesofarticulationWitsuwit en qis kingsalmon vs Englishgeese gis Englishconsonantplaceofarticulation Placeofarticulation Degreeofocclusion ConsonantsubclassesStops completeocclusionofairflowFricatives airpressurebuild upbehindocclusion turbulentairflowApproximants liquids and glides nopressurebuild up Oralvs nasal VelumraisedAirflowsintooralcavityonlyoralsoundVelumloweredAirflowsintooralandnasalcavitiesnasalsoundNasalfricativesarerareintheworld slanguages Why Englishoralvs nasalstops Stop producedwithcompleteocclusion lowerandupperarticulatorssealoffairflow Englishfricatives Fricative producedwithturbulentairflow pressurebuild upbehindocclusion Affricates Stopreleasedintofricativeof same placeofarticulationEnglishaffricates Englishapproximants Approximant Nopressurebuild up non turbulentairflow Laryngealsetting Laryngealsetting English Whatisthestateofthevocalcords Laryngealsetting thelarynx Laryngealsetting vocalcords Laryngealsetting Englishvoicedvs voiceless oral stopsandaffricates Degreeofocclusion Howclosearelowerandupperarticulator Relativelyclose constricted occluded airflow consonantsstopsfricativesapproximantsRelativelyfarapart unconstrictedairflow vowels Vowels VowelqualityHeightBacknessLabialityVowelquantity Afivevowelinventory Spanish Spanishvowels Quality HeightHigh mid lowBacknessFront central backLabialityRounded unroundedNon lowbackvowelsusuallyrounded Phoneticdescription i highfrontunroundedvowel e midfrontunroundedvowel A lowcentral back unroundedvowel o midbackroundedvowel u highbackroundedvowel Anotherfivevowelinventory Mandarin Chinese y highfrontroundedvowel midcentralunroundedvowel Mandarinvowelquality Vowelquantity Sahaptin highcentralunroundedvowel i highfrontunroundedvowel i longhighfrontunroundedvowel Sahaptinshortvowels Sahaptinshortvs longvowels Englishvowels English aGermaniclanguageProto Germanicvowels Englishvowels Historicallength tense lax contrastE g e i e E Englishvowels Englishvowels Englishvowels DialectmergersinN America East sod hawed Shah East Midwest sod Shah hawed A West sod Shah hawed Englishvowels WesternNorthAmerica