中国地质大学长城学院 地质英语 论文.doc

中国地质大学长城学院地质英语结课论文Title：GeologyAbstract：Geology is an overview and basic knowledge of geology, an overview of the basic theory, but it is not a branch of geology, geology introductory tool。Its main contents include the basic knowledge of earth, external motive power of the development of Geology and evolution, etc. With the development of science and technology and its contents and some change, it will be fully absorbed by other science and technology and new, keep improving the subject. The test：Geology of the research object of is the earth The earth including solid earth and its external atmosphere The solid earth including the outer layer of the earths crust and mantle and the core of the three main layer laps At present the main research solid crust of the upper level, that is the upper part of the crust and mantle.Geology mainly is to explore the earths origin, material know the composition and distribution, surface morphology, internal structure characteristics and genetic mechanism, movement rules, dynamic action process and characteristics of time and space .The earth surface of lithosphere (layer) is the main geological research object directly. Geology outstanding character and the connecting link between the preceding and the history of change, at the same time use of modern technology and space technology experiment and observation, fully understand and simulate the typical geological process of dynamic process, to accurately predict the global evolution, and the future trend of the state development. Heres an important influence on prospecting, energy, remote sensing, environment, materials, engineering.Geology is divided into Mineralogy、 Mineral deposit geology、Petrology sequence and paleontology，Tectonic geology 、Geochemical、Geophysical， etc. Petrology is the study of material constituents、composition、 structure、formation conditions、distribution regularly、Formation reasons、metallogenic relationship、The evolution of the rock history and evolution of subject. Divided into sedimentary rocks, volcanic rock and metamorphic rocks three categories. Igneous rock is formed by the consolidation of magma rocks condensation. Usually it divided into intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks. The consolidation of the rock formation lava condensation at different depths. According to the formation depth, which can be further divided into plutonic and hypabyssal rocks. Extrusive rock: magma from the volcano channels extrude surface formed the rock. Sedimentary rock is on the surface is not very deep place, the other rock weathering products and some of the volcano, with water or ice transport, deposition, into the rock formed by the action of rock. Sedimentary rock mainly includes limestone, sandstone, shale, etc.Metamorphic rock is to point to by the earth inner strength (temperature, pressure, with the change of stress, chemical composition, etc) and transforming into the new rock. Solid rock under e effect of in the earths interior pressure and temperature the material composition, Formed constituents migrate and recrystallization. Mineralogy is the study of the chemical composition of minerals, internal structure, morphology, nature, origin, occurrence, assemblages, Formation conditions, purpose, and their inter-relationship. Mineral is natural the output of the elemental or compounds，is also composed of the basic unit of rock and ore. Mineralogy is petrology, the foundation of mineral deposit geology and geochemistry, and the chemical are closely related. Geochemistry is the study of the earths layers and various geologic body chemical compositions, chemistry, and the chemical evolution, discussing the chemical elements and isotopes of distribution, existence form, assemblages, concentration and dispersion and migration cycle rules, the geological effect and left acting as the main research object discipline and the following branch. Structural geology is the study of the earths Lithosphere Tectonic Deformation, including the breakage, folds and other various structural features and distribution of different types of tectonic units, formation, evolution and development. On the whole study of geological structure in time and space of the development and laws of solid and the dynamical origin of the subject. Tectonic also belongs to the category of structural geology. Geophysics is the study of geophysical field and the physical properties of the earth, morphological structure and the physical process of discipline. The earth physics is an between physics, geology, atmospheric science, ocean science and astronomy of between edge discipline. Geophysics in the narrow sense of a solid part of the earth, also known as the solid earth physics；In the broadest sense of the physics of the earth including hydrosphere, atmosphere of research. Historical geology paleontology in two subjects, namely, paleontology and historical geology. Ancient biology is the study of the history of biology appearance and development of the discipline, the research object is the period of geologic formation and formation in biological body, relics and life activities related to various physical records. The known history of geology is the study of the earths historical development and the development of science, the research object is mainly for the geologic history of formation and development of earth history of other substance records. Paleontology and research content or whether to historical task, or they are in geological science status and the function, both are cross each other and closely linked. Geological process, it is to because by some energy (outside force, internal force, human) role, and cause the earths crust, crystal structure material composition, surface morphology and the constant change and formation action. The geological divided into the geological effect of internal force and external geological two kind of role. According to the way of external force, the different points weathering, erosion, transportation function, deposition and consolidation digenesis. Weathering includes physical weathering, chemical weathering and biological weathering. Eroding includes mechanical weathering chemical weathering. Transport function, includes mechanical handling and transportation of two kinds of chemical. Deposition includes mechanical deposition, chemical deposition and the biological sedimentary three categories. Internal force is they do occur in the surface, occurs in the interior of the earth. Sometimes they exercise strongly, such as earthquake; Sometimes slowly, such as crustal movement.The geological energy is what produced the energy of the geological processes. The energy from interior of the earth is called Internal energy, mainly includes Inner energy, gravitational energy, earth rotation energy, chemical energy and crystals. The energy from outer of the earth is called external energy, mainly includes solar radiant heat, potential energy, tidal energy and biological energy.Geological action will bring harm, such as earthquake, volcano erupts, floods etc. The human inability to change the geologic action rules, but can understand and apply these rules, so that is conducive to human development, nip in the bud, such as forecast, prevention of geological disasters, it may mitigate the loss.Geological phenomenon refers to the geological phenomenon of change.Geological phenomenon, rock fall, landslide and debris flow, karsts, rock pile (diluvium), soft soil, expansive soil, collapsible loess, soil, water disaster.The earthquake is known as the living geological phenomenon. Natural earthquakes are the earths tectonic movement as a form of expression; a strong earthquake occurrence is usually accompanied by a massive earthquake fault or other surface damage phenomena. At the same time, the underground rock accumulated strain energy to elastic wave (wave) in the form of propagating outward, causing the ground vibration, thereby causing a building collapsed and human and animal casualties. Natural earthquake and can be based on their formation is divided into tectonic earthquake, volcano earthquake and collapse earthquake of three class.Geology is a comprehensive discipline. Development trend of science is a branch to comprehensive; many important scientific problems can be solved only through comprehensive research. Geology is also undergoing this process. In a global perspective, Plate tectonics is The important embodiment of the trend which put the materials research, crust and the whole earth structure research, the earth history research as a whole. Geology can observe and the area of study and field will widen. In the space, not only through the direct or indirect method gradually into the lithosphere deep, and to the moon, part of the solar system planets and some of the geological characteristics of satellite, will have more understanding.参考文献：普通地质学夏邦东地球物理勘探概论刘天佑古生物地史学概论杜远生 童金楠大地构造学概论与中国大地构造学纲要巫建华岩石学徐耀鉴结晶学与矿物学基础赵建刚 王娟鹃 孙舒东矿床学袁见齐题目：地质学摘要：地质学是对地质学的概况和基本知识、基本理论的概括介绍，但它不是地质学的一个分支学科，是地质学的入门工具。其主要内容包括地球的基本知识、外动力作用、地质学的发展与演化等。随着科学技术的发展，其内容还有一些变化，其要充分吸收和利用其他科学技术的新成果，不断完善学科内容。正文： 地质学的研究对象是地球。地球包括固体地球及其外部的大气。固体地球包括最外层的地壳、中间的地幔及地核三个主要的层圈。目前主要研究固体地壳的上层，即地壳和地幔的上部。地质学主要是探索认识地球起源、物质组成与分布、地表形貌、内部构造特征和成因机制、运动规律、动力作用过程及其时空特征。地球表层的岩石圈（层）是地质学最主要的直接研究对象。地质学突出研究地球性状及其承上启下的变化历史，同时利用现代高科技和空间技术的实验和观测，充分了解和模拟典型的地质作用动力过程，向精确预测全球演化、趋势和未来状态的方向发展。地质学对解决矿产、能源、遥感、环境、材料、工程等问题有重要作用。地质学分支有矿物学、矿床学、岩石学地层学及古生物学、构造地质学、地球化学、地球物理等。岩石学是研究岩石的物质成分、结构、构造、形成条件、分布规律、成因、成矿关系以及岩石的演变历史和演变规律的学科。岩石分为沉积岩、火成岩和变质岩三大类。火成岩岩浆岩是由岩浆冷凝固结后形成的岩石。岩浆岩通常分为侵入岩和喷出岩两大类。侵入岩：是指岩浆在地下冷凝固结形成的岩石。根据其形成深度的不同，可进一步分为深成岩和浅成岩。喷出岩：是指岩浆沿火山通道喷出地表形成的岩石。沉积岩是在地表不太深的地方，将其他岩石的风化产物和一些火山喷发物，经过水流或冰川的搬运、沉积、成岩作用形成的岩石。沉积岩主要包括有石灰岩、砂岩、页岩等。变质岩是指受到地球内部力量（温度、压力、应力的变化、化学成分等）改造而成的新型岩石。固态的岩石在地球内部的压力和温度作用下，发生物质成分的迁移和重结晶，形成新的矿物组合。矿物学是研究矿物的化学成分、内部结构、形态、性质、成因、产状，共生组合、变化条件、用途以及它们之间的相互关系的学科。矿物是天然产出的单质或化合物，同时又是组成岩石和矿石的基本单元。矿物学是岩石学、矿床学的基础，并与地球化学、宇宙化学都密切相关。地球化学是研究地球个圈层和各种地质体的化学组成、化学作用、和化学演化，探讨化学元素及其同位素的分布、存在形式、共生组合、集中分散及迁移循环的规律，以地质作用及其留下的形迹为主要研究对象的学科及下列各分科。构造地质学是研究地球岩石圈的构造变形，包括断裂、褶皱等各种构造形迹及不同类型构造单元的分布、形成、演化和发展，是从总体上研究地质体的构造在时间上及空间上的发展规律及成固和动力来源的学科。大地构造也属于构造地质学范畴。地球物理是研究各种地球物理场和地球的物理性质、结构形态及其其中发生的各种物理过程的学科。地球物理学是一门介于物理学、地质学、大气科学、海洋科学和天文学之间的边缘学科。地球物理学在狭义上之研究地球的固体部分，又称固体地球物理学。广义上的地球物理学还包括对水圈、大气圈的研究。古生物地史学有两个学科组成，即古生物学和地史学。古生物学是研究地史时期生