文化地理复习整理(翻译).doc

Toward Cultural Geography文化地理学a developmental progress发展进步“European SCIENCE” “欧洲科学”Becomes fractured in the 18th and 19th centuries by scientific and social studies into many disciplines.成为在第十八和第十九世纪断裂的科学和社会研究许多学科。No more singular, correct, sanctioned (politically or religiously) METHODS of inquiry. 没有更多的奇异，正确，制裁（政治或宗教）调查方法。Same situation was happening in Medicine, Social Science, Government, and all other areas.同样的情况也发生在医学，社会科学，政府，和所有其他领域。WHY ?为什么呢？“Quantitative versus Qualitative DATA” “定量与定性数据”the quantitative (scientific, factual, numbers) aspects of inquiry. 定量（科学，事实，数字）方面的探究。 the qualitative (personal, experiential, immediate feelings) aspects of inquiry.定性（个人，体验，直接感受）方面的探究。All scientific study becomes more specialized in both area and method.所有的科学研究都变得更专业的面积和方法。Good for digging deeper into a specific area. 好深入挖掘到一个特定的区域。Bad for understanding the larger picture of interconnectedness (how things connect to each other). Medical example. 坏了解大局的联系（如何互相连接）。医疗的例子。“Physical” Geography “物理”地理This was the first. 这是第一个。Mountains, oceans, rivers, forests, deserts, plains, etc. 山脉，海洋，河流，森林，草原，沙漠，等等。What is there? 有哪些？Expanded into weather, vegetation, plant and insect species, animal and people populations. 扩大成气候，植被，植物和昆虫，动物和人的人口。What is there, more closely? 有什么，更密切？Can we still call the field “Physical Geography”? 我们还可以叫“自然地理学”？Further expanded into economic aspects of crops, where and why do people move, why are cities where they are, the changing physical landscape. 进一步扩大到经济方面的作物，在哪里和为什么人们搬到城市，为什么他们的身体变化，景观。Why do the things and people that are there, change?为什么做事情和人，在那里，改变？It could NO longer be called simply “Physical Geography!”它不再是简单的“自然地理学！“Environmental determinism环境决定论Made popular in the 19th century by Carl Ritter and others 流行在第十九世纪由卡尔及其他 the theory that a peoples physical, mental and moral habits are directly due to the influence of their natural environment. 理论，人们的身体，心理和道德习惯直接原因的影响，他们的自然环境。“Where you are influences how you act” “你如何影响你的行为”However, by the mid-19th century, environmental determinism was under attack for lacking methodological rules associated with modern science (anti-qualitative analysis). 然而，到19世纪中叶，环境决定论是受到攻击，缺乏方法的规则与现代科学（anti-qualitative分析）。The questions and curiosity pushed forward into new MAJOR areas of Geography.问题和好奇心推进到新的主要地区的地理。For example: Regional Geography, Radical Geography, Human Geography, Humanistic Geography例如：区域地理，激进地理学，人文地理学，人文主义地理学Regional geography区域地理学during the later 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. 在稍后第十九和上半年的第二十个世纪。The goal of regional geography was to delineate space into regions (not simply countries) and then describe the unique characteristics of each region, in both human and physical aspects. 目标区域地理是界定空间到地区（不只是国家），然后描述了独特的特点每个地区，在人力和物质方面。Radical Geography激进地理学emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, drawing heavily on Marxist theory and various techniques. 出现在上世纪70年代和80年代，大量吸收了马克思主义理论和各种技术。Seeking to say something meaningful about the problems recognized through quantitative methods 寻求说“有意义”的问题，确认通过定量方法to provide explanations rather than descriptions, to put forward alternatives and solutions and to be politically engaged. Being SUBJECTIVE! 提供的解释，而不是说明，提出的方案和解决方案，是政治参与。主观的！Countless new ideas emerged. 无数新的想法出现。A White Man Protesting Against Black Oppression一个白种人抗议对黑人的压迫Human Geography人文地理Regional and Radical Geography led to this. 区域和激进地理学导致这。Human geography is a branch of the social sciences that studies the world, its people, communities, and cultures with an emphasis on relations of and across space and place. 人文地理学是一门社会科学研究世界，它的人民，文化和社区，重点在空间和地方的关系。Human geography differs from physical geography mainly in that it has a greater focus on studying human activities and is more receptive to qualitative research methodologies. 人文地理不同于物理地理学主要在于它更注重研究人类活动和更容易接受定性研究方法。Human versus Humanistic Geography人类与人文地理 Human Geography became SUPER multi disciplinary and minute in smaller areas of study. 人文地理学成为超级多学科和在较小的研究领域。 though similar to behavioural geography (i.e. how do people behave based on where they live), pushed for a much more qualitative approach in methodology, with a more HOLISTIC approach. 虽然类似行为地理学（即人们如何表现在他们居住的地方），被推为更多的定性方法在方法论，以更加全面的方法。associated with the work of Yi-Fu Tuan与工作相关的段义孚“Human geography studies human relationships. Human geographys optimism lies in its belief that asymmetrical relationships and exploitation can be removed, or reversed.” “人文地理研究的人际关系。人文地理的乐观是其信仰，非对称关系和开发可以被删除，或逆转。”“What human geography does not consider, and what humanistic geography does, is the role relationships play in nearly all human contacts and exchanges.” “人文地理学不考虑，以及人文地理，作用是关系在几乎所有的人类接触和交流。”Physical + Human Geography (x2) = Humanistic Geography物理+人文地理学（X 2）=人文地理Main Subfields of Human Geography主要分支的人文地理Cultural文化Developmental发展Economic经济Health健康Historical历史Political 政治Population人口Settlement 聚落REVIEW of Macro (big view) to Micro (small view)审查宏观（大）微（小）Physical物理Human 人Cultural文化Cultural文化 Culture: the unique expressions of a society. culture”：一个社会的独特表现。 Cultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms and their variation across and relations to spaces and places. 文化地理学是研究文化产品和文化规范和他们的变化和关系的空间和地方。 It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. 重点描述和分析的方式，语言，宗教，经济，政府，和其他文化现象改变或保持不变，从一个地方到另一个，如何解释人类功能空间。 Subfields include: Childrens geographies, Animal geographies, Language geography, Sexuality and Space and Religion geography分支包括：儿童地理学，动物地理学地理，语言，性行为和空间和宗教地理学Developmental发展 Development Geography is the study of the Earths geography with reference to the Standard of Living and the Quality of Life of humans. 发展地理学是研究地球的地理参考的生活水平和生活质量的人。 study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities, across the Earth. 研究位置，分布和空间组织的经济活动，在整个地球。 The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researchers methodological approach. Any data can be interpreted in many ways! 此事调查的强烈影响的研究者的方法。任何数据可以解释在许多方面！Standard of Living versus Quality of Life生活水平与生活质量Standard of Living标准的生活 Standard of living generally refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class, in a certain geographic area. 生活水平一般是指财富水平，舒适，货物和用品提供一定的社会经济阶层，在一定的地理区域。 When you think about standard of living, you can think about things that are easy to quantify. We can measure factors like life expectancy, inflation rate and the average number of paid vacation days workers receive each year, for example. 当你想想生活的标准，你能想到的事情是容易量化。我们可以衡量因素，如预期寿命，通货膨胀率和平均人数的带薪休假日工人每年接受，例如。 Human Development Index (HDI), developed in 1990 by the United Nations. It considers life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) to measure a countrys level of development. 人类发展指数（人类发展指数），发达国家在1990个联合国。它认为，出生时预期寿命，成人识字率和人均国内生产总值（国内生产总值）来衡量一个国家的发展水平。Quantitative! Scientific! Objective! Data! 定量！科学的！客观！数据！Quality of Life生活质量 Quality of life is more subjective and intangible. 生活质量更主观和无形资产。 About RIGHTS and FREEDOMS. 权利和自由。 The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, provides an excellent list for evaluating quality of life. 联合国的世界人权宣言，通过了1948个，提供了一个良好的生活质量评价表。 It includes many things that citizens of the United States and other developed countries take for granted, but that are not available in a significant number of countries around the world. 包括很多美国公民和其他发达国家认为是理所当然的，但不可在相当多的国家在世界各地。 Although this declaration is 64 years old, in many ways it still represents an ideal to be achieved, rather than a baseline state of affairs. 虽然这个宣言是64岁，在许多方面，它仍然是一个理想的实现，而非基准状态的事务。 Qualitative! Subjective! Experience! 定性！主观！经验！Examples for Quality of Life对生活质量的例子 freedom from slavery and torture免于奴役和酷刑 equal protection of the law法律的平等保护 freedom from discrimination免受歧视 freedom of movement自由运动 freedom of residence within ones home country自由居住在本国 presumption of innocence unless proved guilty无罪推定，除非证明有罪 right to marry结婚的权利 right to have a family权利有一个家庭 right to be treated equally without regard to gender, race, language, religion, political beliefs, nationality, socioeconomic status and more被平等的对待的权利不分性别，种族，语言，宗教，政治信仰，国籍，社会经济地位和更多 right to privacy隐私权利 freedom of thought自由思想 freedom of religion宗教自由 free choice of employment自由选择就业 right to fair pay权利公平的报酬 equal pay for equal work同工同酬 right to vote投票的权利 right to rest and leisure休息和闲暇的权利 right to education教育权利 right to human dignity人格权Economic经济Economic geography examines relationships between human economic systems, states, and other factors, and the biophysical environment. 经济地理研究之间的关系人类经济系统，状态，以及其他因素，与生物物理环境。Subfields include Marketing geography and Transportation geography分支包括地理和交通地理学Health健康的Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. 健康地理应用地理信息，观点和方法，来研究健康，疾病，和保健。Historical历史Historical Geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and real geographies of the past. 历史地理学是研究人类，物理，虚构，理论，和“真实”的历史地理学。Historical geography studies a wide variety of issues and topics. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past and how a place or region changes through time. 历史地理研究的各种问题和议题。一个共同的主题是研究地域的过去和一个地方或地区通过时间变化。studies geographical patterns through time, including how people have interacted with their environment, and created the cultural landscape. 研究地理模式的通过时间，包括人们如何互动与他们的环境，并创造了文化景观。Subfields include Time geography子域包括时间地理学Political政治Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. 政治地理学是研究的空间不均匀成果的政治过程和如何使政治进程本身是受空间结构。Subfields include Electoral geography, Geopolitics, Strategic geography and Military geography子域包括选举地理学，地缘政治，地缘战略和军事地理Population人口Population geography is the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places. 人口地理学是研究如何在空间分布变化，组成，人口增长和迁移，有关地方的性质。Settlement聚落Settlement geography, including urban geography, is the study of urban and rural areas with specific regards to spatial, relational and theoretical aspects of settlement. 聚落地理学，包括城市地理学，研究的是城市和农村地区的作为空间，关系和理论方面的结算。Philosophical and theoretical approaches哲学和理论方法Within each of the subfields, various philosophical approaches can be used in research; therefore, a geographer could be a Feminist or Capitalist or Tourism geographer, etc. 内的每个子，各种哲学方法可以用于研究；因此，地理学家可能是一个女性主义、资本主义、旅游地理学家，等等。Such approaches include: Behavioural geography, Critical geography, Feminist geography, Marxist geography, Non-representational theory, Positivism, Post colonialism, Poststructuralist geography, Psychoanalytic geography, Psychogeography, etc这种办法包括：行为地理学，批判地理学地理，女性主义，马克思主义地理学，非代表性的理论，实证主义，后殖民主义，后结构主义精神分析学地理，地理，psychogeography，等等。Problem问题Human Geography encourages qualitative (subjective) study while including quantitative (objective) data.人文地理鼓励定性（主观）的研究，包括数量（目标）的数据。Subjective inquiry therefore includes the researcher in the data and also affects the subjects studied.因此，主观调查包括研究者的数据也影响研究的主题。“The ACTION of observing alters the observed”. “行动观测改变的观察”。 This is true from quantum physics (science) to the humanities to daily life.这是真的，从量子物理（科学）的日常生活。Therefore, be careful doing your research!因此，仔细做你的研究！Try to find a balance between observer and observed, between subjective and objective, between qualitative and quantitative research!试图找到一种平衡之间的观察员和观察，主观和客观的，定性和定量研究！The 5 Concepts of Cultural Geography这5个概念的文化地理a roadmap for DATA research一个路线图，数据研究Culture, the total way of life that characterizes a group of people. 文化，整个生活方式特征的一群人。There are literally thousands of cultures on Earth today and each contributes to global diversity. 有数以千计的文化在今天的地球上每有助于全球多样性。Cultural Components (a partial list) 文化的组成部分（部分列表）Religion | Language | Architecture | Cuisine | Technology | MusicDance | Sports | Medicine | Dress | Gender roles | Law Education | Government | Agriculture | Economy | Sport | GroomingValues | Work ethic | Etiquette | Courtship | Recreation | Gestures宗教，语言，建筑，烹饪，科技，音乐和舞蹈，运动，医学，服饰，性别角色，法律教育，政府，农业，经济，比赛大项，修饰价值观念，职业伦理，礼仪，求婚，娱乐（方式），姿态FIVE CONCEPTS OF CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY五个概念的文化地理cultural regions文化区域 cultural landscape文化景观 cultural diffusion 文化扩散cultural ecology 文化生态学 cultural interaction文化互动1. Cultural REGIONS 文化区域For easier geographic understanding, this simply divides the world into areas that have something in common为方便地理认识，这只是把世界分为地区，有共同的东西For example, RELIGIOUS regions例如，宗教地区Any SCALE to regions任何规模的地区 Global, Continental, Countries, Provinces, Urban (cities),全球，大陆，国家，省份，城市，Rural (country), Neighbourhoods , Streets, Houses农村，社区，街道，房屋For example, LANGUAGE regions of Europe ,or, ETHNIC regions in China,or, ETHNIC regions in例如，语言的欧洲地区，或在中国，民族地区，民族地区，Belfast City, Ireland.贝尔法斯特市，爱尔兰。2. Cultural LANDSCAPE文化景观Consists of material aspects of culture.包括物质方面的培养。Things people made and built.事情的人和建造。That includes buildings, shrines, signage, sports and recreational facilities, economic and agricultural structures, crops and agricultural fields, transportation systems, and other physical things.包括建筑物，神社，标牌，体育和娱乐设施，经济和农业结构，作物和农业领域，交通系统，与其他物理。Suburban encroachment on farmland alters the cultural landscape. In this scene a farmstead (center left) has been leapfrogged by a suburban development that abuts a cornfield (lower right).郊区侵占耕地改变文化景观。在这个场景中一个农庄（中左）已超越的郊区发展，紧靠一个麦田（右下）。What DATA can we learn?我们可以学到什么数据？American farmers tend to live on their farms, residing in individual, scattered farmsteads. 美国农民往往生活在自己的农场，居住在个人，分散的农庄。In much of the rest of the world, however, farmers live in villages comprised of tightly clustered residences, from which they commute to their farmland. 在许多其他地方的世界，然而，农民生活在农村，由紧密聚集的住宅，从他们下班的农田。Also, power of urban sprawl and the weakness of farmers (heavily subsidized). 也，电力的城市扩张和弱点（农民大量补贴）。3. Cultural DIFFUSION文化扩散Concerns the spread and movement of culture and the factors that account for it.关注传播与文化运动和考虑的因素，它。(For example, through migration, communications, trade, and commerce.)（例如，通过迁移，通讯，贸易，和商业。）Cultural regions describe the location of culture traits or cultural communities; cultural diffusion helps explain how they got there.文化区域描述的位置，文化特质或文化社区；文化传播有助于解释他们如何到达那里。New York Citys Chinatown is a product of cultural diffusion.纽约市唐人街是一种文化产品扩散。Vancouver, Canada. One of the most culturally mixed places on Earth温哥华加拿大。一个最文化混合的地方在地球上A McDonalds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Businesses as well as people can illustrate cultural diffusion.麦当劳在利雅得，沙特阿拉伯阿拉伯。企业以及人们可以说明文化扩散。Good and bad concerning DIFFUSION好的和坏的关于扩散This DIFFUSION is creating a more mixed and diverse world. “Global Village” (we are responsible for each other)这扩散创造一个混合和多样化的世界。“地球村”（我们相互负责）However, because of increasing lack of isolation, unique cultures are slowly (maybe quickly) disappearing.然而，因为越来越缺乏隔离，独特的文化正在慢慢消失（也许快）。Paris will look like Hong Kong will look like New York will look like Sydney will look like Mexico City, etc.巴黎看起来会像香港会像纽约会像悉尼会像墨西哥市，等。4. Cultural ECOLOGY文化生态学Addresses the relationships between culture and the physical environment.地址之间的关系的文化和自然环境。Culture has arisen and evolved in a great variety of physical settings that differ in climate, natural vegetation, soils, and landforms.文化产生和发展的各种物理设置不同的气候，自然植被，土壤，地形。The Taos Pueblo exemplifies the concept of cultural ecology through its use of locally available materials and adaptation to climatic conditions.在陶斯普韦布洛体现了文化生态的概念通过使用当地现有的材料和适应气候条件。Terraced rice fields in Bali reflect cultural adaptation to a mountainous tropical environment.水稻梯田领域在巴厘反映文化适应山区的热带环境。5. Cultural INTERACTION文化互动Focuses on the relationships that often exist between cultural components that characterize a given community.侧重于关系之间往往存在文化的组成部分，描述一个特定社区。A variety of cultural components may be interrelated.各种文化成分可能是相互关联的。Concepts of personal privacy in Islamic and Iberian culture regions often explain why residences lack street-level windows.概念个人隐私权在伊斯兰和伊比利亚文化地区往往解释为什么住宅缺乏街面窗口。Buddhists regard golden colors as a symbol of enlightenment. That explains why gold-domed temples figure so prominently in cultural landscapes in various parts of Southeast Asia. 佛教徒认为黄金的颜色为标志的启示。这解释了为什么金顶寺庙在如此突出的数字文化景观在不同地区的南洋。Conservative Jews areas would explain the presence of kosher grocery stores, signs in Hebrew, synagogues, and particular styles of clothing.保守的犹太人地区将解释存在犹太商店招牌，希伯来语，会堂，和特定风格的服装。Religious beliefs often underlie relationships between cultural components宗教信仰往往依据文化之间关系的组成部分视频资料In a world of 7 billion people.在7000000000个人的世界。Who is most typical? The worlds most typical person is right handed. Makes less than 12000 a year.最典型的是谁？世界上最典型的人是右撇子。不到一年12000。Cell phone has a But not a account bank. Less than 25% of us do.手机有一个但不是一个银行帐户。少于25%人。So what does he look like? The worlds most typical person is male. Males outnumber females. (But just barely) The median age of the worlds population is 28.所以他看起来像什么？世界上最典型的人是男性。男性多于女性。（但只是勉强）年龄中位数的世界人口为28。The largest ethnic group is han Chinese. Based on these traits, the worlds most typical person is a 28-year-old han Chinese man. There are over 9,000