大学英语专业欧洲文化复习资料一.doc

1希腊罗马HomerAuthorofepicsSapphoLyricpoet三大悲剧家：AeschylusTragicdramatistSophoclesTragicdramatistEuripidesTragicdramatist喜剧家：AristophanesComedywriter历史学家：HerodotuswroteaboutwarsbetweenGreeksandPersiansFatherofhistoryThucydideswroteaboutwarsbetweenAthensandSpartaandAthensandSyracusethegreatesthistorianthathaveeverlived哲学和科学：PythagorasAllthingswerenumbersfounderofscientificmathematicsHeracleitueFireistheprimaryelementDemocritusMaterialist,oneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheorySocratesDissectofoneself,virtuewashighworthoflife,dialecticalmethodPlatoManhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneralideasAristotleDirectobservation,theoryfollowfact,ideaandmattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesEuclidatextbookofgeometryArchimedeswhenabodyisimmersedinwateritslossofweightisequaltotheweightofthewaterdisplaced“GivemeaplacetostandandIllmovetheWorld”OthersDiogenes(theCynics)Pyrrhon(theSceptics)Epicurus(theEpicureans)Zeno(theStoics)4thcenturyB.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,kingofMacedon的领导下，5thcenturyB.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了tencommandmentsinthenameofGod，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine,knownasCanaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,6thcenturyB.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。JesusChrist生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus,EmperorConstantine1于313年宣布基督教合法，EmperorTheodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，theNewTestment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的LatinBible叫Vulgate,在1382年被JohnWycliff翻译成了英语，GreekBible叫Septuagint3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪aperiodinwhichclassical,HebrewandGothicheritagemerged1054,教堂分裂为theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch反击Moslems，开始了CrusadesCharlesMartel给士兵们estatesknownasfiefsin732St.ThomasAquinas(Scholasticism)写了SummaTheologica，这本书sumsupalltheknowledgeofmedievaltheology他认为feudalhierarchy(层次，等级)ofsocietyisGodsruleThepoweroffeudalrulersisGodswillPopeisChristsPlenipotentiaryCharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatencouragedlearningbysettingupmonasteryschools.TheycopiedvariousancientbooksandtranslatedtheLatinworksintothevenacularRogerBaconandExperimentalScienceoneoftheearliestadvocatesofscientificresearch,calledforcarefulobservationDante(但丁)神曲oneofthelandmarksofworldliteratureChaucerfirstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature4.文艺复兴与宗教改革14thand17thCenturyStartinginFlorenceandVeniceBoccacciothegreatestachievementofprosefictionin中世纪PetrarchSonnet,fatherofmodernpoetry文艺复兴早期的艺术家：GiottoforerunnerofrenaissanceBrunelleschishowedasystematicuseofperspectiveDonatellooneofthefirstartistsengagedinanatomyGiorgionemadehappyuseofcolourschemestounifyhispictures意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：DaVinciMichelangeloRaphaelKnownforhisTitianOilcolorthemostprolificofthegreatVenetianpaintersofWesternWorldPre-LutherReligiousReformersJohnWycliffechiefforerunnerofthereformation,tookupthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttimein1382JanHusCzechReligiousleaderJohnCalvin基督教教义oneofthemostinfluentialtheologicalworksCalvinismRabelais拉伯雷frenchwriterRonsardPleiade七星诗社代表人法国第一个近代抒情诗人Montaigne蒙田散文集FrenchWriterCervantesfatherofmodernEuropeannovelspainThomasMoreBritishwriterShakespeare作品包括crownedliteratureofEngland代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就CopernicusThefatherofmodernastronomy现代天文学之父Vesaliusmarkedthebeginningofanewerainthestudyofanatomy(解剖学)founderofmodernmedicineAldusManutiusforemostprinterinItalyMachiavelliFatherofpoliticalscienceVosari1492,Columbus发现了America1487,Dias发现了thecapeofgoodhope1497,daGama发现了theroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHope5.17世纪Copernicus天体运行论Althoughhedidnotbelongtothe17thcenturyhewastheforerunnerofmodernmedicineKeplerKeplersLaw(thethreelawsofplanetarymotion)德国thethreelawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewtonsdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitationGalileo意大利accelerationindynamics,thelawofinertia,thelawoffallingbodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律Newton英国LeibnizDistinguishesthreelevelsofunderstanding:self-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意识)unconscious/subconscious(潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人MiltonAreopagitica，EnglishrevolutionBaconKnowledgeispower英国反对deductivemethod，创立了inductivemethod认为哲学应该与神学分开Hobbes利维坦Materialist(knowledgecomefromexperience)SocialContract英国认为最好的统治方式是monarchyLocke政治论Materialistviews(ideasderivedfromsensationorfromreflection)SocialContract英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell和JohnMiltonCromwellthemanofactionJohnMiltonthemanofthought在英国文学史上rankswithShakespearandChaucerDescartes笛卡尔CartesianDoubtIthinkthereforeIam法国itisgenerallybelievedthatmodernphilosophybeginswithBaconinEnglandandDescartesinFranceCorneille高乃依熙得法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突RacinethegreatesttragicdramatistofFrenchneoclassicaltheatre表现情感和理性的冲突Moliere达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼thebestrepresentativedramatistofFrenchClassicalcomedies很多科学器械在被发明：microscope,telescope,thermometer,barometer,pendulum1689，theBillofRights建立了theParliament至高无上的权利法国最著名的建筑：PalaceofVersaillesGardenFrontEastFrontoftheLouvre英国最著名建筑：St.PaulsCathedral6.启蒙运动theageofreason18thcenturyintellectualmovementstartingfromFrancethemostimportantforerunnersoftheenlightenmentweretwo17thcenturyEnglishmenJohnLockeandIssacNewton.LockesmaterialisttheoryandNewtonstheoryofgravitationMajorforceoftheenlightenmentisFrenchPhilosophes18世纪两大著名运动：TheAmericanWarofIndependence（1776）endedBritishcolonialruleovertheU.S.独立宣言TheFrenchRevolution（1789）endedtheFrenchMonarchyandthefirstFrenchRepublicwasbornin1792人权宣言FrenchPhilosophyandLiteratureMontesquieuSeparationofpowers法国启蒙运动的先驱VoltairemostfamousofhisnovelsRousseauoneofthegreatestfiguresofFrenchenlightenmentDiderotEnglishLiteraturePopespokesmaninverseoftheAgeofReason,translationofHomer,goodatheroiccouplet擅长英雄双韵体Defoeoneofthegreatestfictionwriterofthe18thcenturyEngland鲁滨逊漂流记SwifttheforemostsatiristintheEnglishlanguageandoneofthesatiricmastersofalltimeHenryFieldingFatheroftheEnglishnovelSamuelRichardsonThefounderofEnglishdomesticnovelSamuelJohnsoneditorof18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊TheTatler和TheSpectator,Addison和Steele经常在上面写文章GermanLiteratureandPhilosophyLessingGermandramastistGermanclassicismGoethetheGreatestGermanPoetsSchillerafounderofmodernGermanliteratureKantWaterheadofmodernphilosophyProposethenebularhypothesisTheMusicalEnlightenmentJ.S.BachChristianityMajormusiciansofthemusicalEnlightenmentHandel亨德尔beinghiscrowningmasterpieceBachandHandelshowedtheworldBaroquemusicalarchitectureatitsimposingbestTheBaroqueperiodwasfollowedbytheClassicalPeriod,roughlybetween1750and1820HaydnClassicalperiodVienneseschoolMozartBeethovenoccupyaPivotalposition,leaninginmuchofhisworktowardstheRomanticMovementinMusic7.浪漫主义Romanticismlate18thandearly19thcenturystartingfromtheideasofRouseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressMovementinGermanyTheenlightenmentbroughtabouttworevolutionsandtheycausedRomanticismtorise:theFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialrevolutionNeweconomicideaswereputforwardbyAdamSmithinhisbook,whichlaidthetheoreticalgroundworkforcapitalism.RomanticisminGermanyTheStormandStressMovementpreparedthewayforEuropeanRomanticismGoethecombinedRomanticismwithClassicismItwasLoveandIntriguethatmadeSchillerthebestdramatistfortheStormandStressTheJenaSchool:SchlegelBrothers,NovalisandTieckHeine:海涅在1836年发表论浪漫派，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束RomanticisminEnglandBlake:TheLakers:WordsworthandColeridgeByron:isconsideredhismasterpiecethefactthatthepoetdiedfortheGreekcausesmadehimmorerespectedhispoemexpressedanardentloveoflibertyandafiercehatredoftyrannyShelleynotedforhislyricsKeatsfamousforhissonnetsWalterScott RomanticisminFranceChateaubriand:VictorHugo:法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说巴黎圣母院悲惨世界宣扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。ThegreatestpoetofhisdayGeorgeSand:法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家RomanticisminItalyManzoni:约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人民为主人公的小说Leopardi:hewasthegreatestpoetofItalyRomanticismRomanticisminRussiaRussiaRomanticismbeganthatway-adaptingFrenchplaysandtranslatingGermanandEnglishpoetryPushkin:俄国浪漫主义先锋(van)aByroniccharacterhismasterpieceis创造了俄国文学中的第一个“多余的人“的典型Lermontov:drawsafineportraitofPushkinRomanticisminPolandAdamMickiewicz:beginningofPolishRomanticismishismasterpieceArtandArchitectureGoyaSpanishpainterandetcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱DavidFrenchPainterDelacroix代表着法国浪漫主义绘画的最高成就GericaultFrenchpainterTurnerEnglishlandscapepainterConstableEnglishlandscapepainterTurnerandConstable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就Music早期浪漫主义音乐家：Beethoven(贝多芬)GermanComposermarkedthebeginningof19thcenturyprogrammemusicSchubert（舒伯特）AustriancomposerChopin（肖邦）PolishcomposerSchumann(舒曼)GermancomposerMendelssohn（门德尔松）Germancomposer后期浪漫主义音乐家：Berlioz（伯辽兹）FrenchcomposerLiszt（里斯特）HungariancomposerWagner（瓦格纳）GermancomposerBrahms（伯拉姆斯）GermancomposerTchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russiancomposer8.马克思主义和达尔文主义MarxismandDarwinismTheThreeSourcesandThreeComponentPartsofMarxismGermanClassicalPhilosophyandMarxistPhilosophy:Hegeliandialectics黑格尔辩证法Feuerbachsmaterialism费尔巴哈唯物论MarxistPhilosophyDialecticalmaterialism马克思主义辩证唯物论Historicalmaterialism马克思主义历史唯物论EnglishClassicalPoliticalEconomyandMarxistPoliticalEconomyCapitalisthemostimportantworkbyMarxaboutMarxisteconomicsSurplusvaluewasthesourceofprofit,thesourceofthewealthofthecapitalistclassDoctrineofsurplusvalueinCapitalisthecornerstoneofMarxseconomictheoryUtopianSocialismandScientificSocialismRobertOwen:EnglishindustrialistandsocialreformerHenrideSaint-Simon:FrenchsocialphilosopherCharlesFourier:FrenchsocialphilosopherDarwinismAsNewtondominated17thcenturysciencewiththediscoveryofthelawsgoverningthebodiesoftheuniverse,CharlesDarwindominatedthe19thcenturyscienceforhisdiscoveringofthelawsgoverningtheevolutionofmanhimself.InthehistoryofsciencehetakesupapositionasimportantastheseoccupiedbyCopernicus,GalileoandNewton.DarwinwasnotthefirstmantoputforwardthetheoryofevolutionLamarckwasthefirstmanwhoseconclusiononthesubject.However,hefailedtoproduceanyevidence,Frenchnaturalist（自然主义者）LyellEnglishgeologistKarlMarxDarwinsworksandTheories:OntheoriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,orthePreservationofFavouredRacesintheStruggleforLifeTheDescentofMan9.现实主义Realismariseinthe50softhe19thcenturyandhaditsorigininFranceRealisminFranceStendhal司汤达红与黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成熟的作品巴马修道院Balzac巴尔扎克BalzachasbeencalledtheFrenchDickensasDickenshasbeencalledtheEnglishBalzacFlaubert福楼拜非常重视艺术形式heisoftencalledthefirstFrenchrealist包法利夫人Zora左拉founderofthenaturalistschool鲁贡玛马卡尔家族史Maupassant莫伯桑RealisminRussiaGogol果戈里thefirstmasteroffictioninRussiaChickikovAcharacterinShame,andhypocrisyTurgenev屠格涅夫thefirstRussianauthortogainrecognitionintheWestDostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪与罚卡拉马佐夫兄弟LeoTolstoy列夫托尔斯泰战争与和平安娜卡列尼娜复活Chekhov契诃夫海欧万尼亚舅舅三姐妹樱桃园RealisminNorthernEuropeIbsenapleafortheemancipationofwomanHisplaysareviewedasthefountainheadofmuchmoderndramaStrindbergTheabovethreearehisautobiographicalworksHisfirstplayisRealisminEnglandThisperiodoccursatthelatterhalfofthereignofQueenVictoria,这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重CharlesDickens大卫科波菲尔荒凉山庄艰难时世其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合GeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans-PENNAME)isregardedbysomecriticsasthefinestEnglishnovelofthe19thcenturyThackeray萨克雷名利场他的写作范围多局限于上流社会ThomasHardyBernardShaw萧伯纳wontheNobelPrizein1925RealismintheUnitedStatesHarrietBeecherStowe:greatestofallanti-slaverymanifestoesWaltWhitman:ConsideredtobethegreatestofallAmericanpoetsMarkTwain:哈克贝里芬历险记amasterpieceofhumour,characterizationandrealism,hasbeenconsideredthefirstmodernAmericannovel镀金岁月HenryJames出身世家，所以关注上层人物themasterbeyondallmasters贵妇人画像ArtCourbet库尔贝Frenchartist反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则石工奥尔南的葬礼Millet米勒Frenchartist“农民画家”播种者拾穗者ImpressionisminArt印象派艺术Manet草地上的午餐福列斯贝热尔酒吧间Monet日出印象Post-ImpressionisminArt后印象派艺术PaulCezanne赛尚VanGogh凡高dutchpainter