论《格林童话》中的浪漫主义因素.doc

学科分类号 0502 本科生毕业论文题目：On the Romantic Elements in Grimms Fairy Tales 论格林童话中的浪漫主义因素 学生姓名： 学号：1105403017 系别： 外国语言文学系 专业： 英 语 指导教师： 杨萍（讲师） 起止日期： 2014.6 2015.5 2015年 5 月 9日 怀化学院本科毕业论文诚信声明 作者郑重声明：所呈交的本科毕业论文，是在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的成果。对论文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确的方式标明。本声明的法律结果由作者承担。 本科毕业论文作者签名： 2015年 5 月 9 日 ContentsAbstractiKey Wordsi摘 要i关键词iIntroduction1Chapter One Yearning for Ideal World41.1 Idealism in Perfect Ending51.2 Idealism in Simple Characters6Chapter Two Admiring Nature72.1 Forest: the Combination of Nature Mystery82.2 Animals: the Releasing of Nature Spirit9Chapter Three Emphasizing Emotion Expression103.1 Strong Subjectivity103.2 Strong Militancy11Chapter Four Using Romantic Writing Skills124.1 Use of Imagination124.2 Use of Exaggeration134.3 Use of Symbols14Conclusion15Bibliography16Acknowledgments18 On the Romantic Elements in Grimms Fairy Tales Abstract The masterpiece of Brothers Grimm, Grimms Fairy Tales is the treasure of world childrens literature. It occupies important degree in early romantic literature but there are few studies about the books romantic elements until now. Based on basis romantic theory, the paper analyses Grimms Fairy Tales from the following four parts: yearning for ideal world, admiring nature, emphasizing emotion expression and using romantic writing skills, which aims to reveal the writers intention of running out of reality through describing ideal life. Grimms Fairy Tales occupies important degree in early romantic literature but there are few studies about the books romantic elements until now. Therefore the paper intends to deepen peoples understandings about the book and help latter researchers. Key Words Grimms Fairy Tales; romanticism; idealism; admiring nature 论格林童话中的浪漫主义因素 摘 要 德国著名作家格林兄弟的代表作品格林童话是全世界儿童文学的瑰宝，在早期浪漫主义文学中也占有举足轻重的地位。该论文基于浪漫主义的基本理论，通过分析文本表达的对理想世界的渴望，对大自然的崇敬，对自我感情抒发的重视和对多种浪漫主义写作技巧的运用四部分，探讨格林童话中的浪漫主义因素，旨在揭示作者借对美好生活的描写逃避黑暗现实的意图并让读者更深刻地了解格林童话的深层含义。 作为一部典型的浪漫主义作品，至今却很少有学者对格林童话的浪漫主义因素进行探讨，希望本论文能加深读者对本书的理解，并帮助到对格林童话进行进一步研究的学者们。 关键词 格林童话； 浪漫主义； 理想世界； 崇敬自然 Introduction Published in 20th century, just as Little Briar Rose in the book, Grimms Fairy Tales was known by the public over 100 years latter than it was collected by Grimm brothers and then published as a book. It is a typical magical fantasy and becomes the most popular childrens book around the world. Until now, the tales in the Grimms Fairy Tales have been translated into 160 languages, and this grant book has been treasure of the childrens literature of the world. And as one of the earliest romanticism works it promotes the development of romanticism in German and even the world. Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were German cultural researchers, linguistics, academics, and authors who collected folklores. Their first collection of folk tales Childrens and Household Tales was published in 1812. The two brothers spent their early life in Hanau and then in Steinau. In 1796, when they were in their teenage, their father died and caused great poverty for the whole family which influenced the brothers for a long period of time. Jurist and historian Friedrich von Savigny (1779-1861) inspired the brothers interest in philosophy and Germanic studies, in which field they are regarded as pioneers, when they studied in the University of Marburg. At the same time they cultivated a curiosity for folklore, which developed into a life-long devotion to gathering German folk tales. This book has always been attracting the attentions of many scholars since its publication. They analyze the book from different angles, such as being a fantasy or an animal book. Moreover, they mostly focus on one of the aspects of the book, like the themes, the characters or one of the writing techniques. Till now, no systematic study in the romantic colors of this book can be found.For a long time, the traditional researches on Grimms Fairy Tales have a substantial degree of misreading. Many scholars think it is just a kind of children readings. They tend to talk about the simple art of the story based on innocence and childishness; or classify the story as a general personal literary creation limited to the analysis of the general story content and artistic style; or regard it as a kind of authentic folk tales. In fact, it is more than the fairy tale with oral sex, nationality and folk color. Because there are few study of Grimms Fairy Tales as an era of text entry. Grimms Fairy Tales is of groundbreaking meaning with the historical background of folklore studies. Especially they pay attention to and respect the folk tradition and nature poetry behind all kinds of methods. It is one of the ideological origins of modern folklore research and development. However, they collected the tales not only from oral statement and entrusting friends or acquaintances for collecting records, but also found the source from a variety of written materials, so it was criticized by the modern fairy tales researchers and folklore scholars for a long time.Han Ying from Sun Yet-sen University wrote a thesis on the interpersonal meaning of Grimms Fairy Tales, targeting at exploring how attitudinal meanings realize the expected educational functions in Grimms Fairy Tales. The author thinks that the collection is value-laden. Those tales were not only for entertainment but also for education. Through the strategic appliance of different attitudinal meaning, the educational function of Grimms Fairy Tales is realized. Zhou Zhicheng analyzed the postmodernist novel Snow White by Donald Barthelme to enrich readers knowledge of postmodernist novels and postmodern society in America. By analyzing and discussing the features of Snow White, Barthlmes representative work, the modern version of the Grimms canonical fairy tale Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Zhou Zhicheng concluded that American postmodernist novels deny aesthetic criteria and the internal structure of traditional novels, which applies the novels writing techniques and narrative mode. Moreover, the theories of postmodernist novels are put to use in analyzing particular works so as to expose more about postmodern society and American postmodernist novels to readers. More importantly, in 1960s, the social environment and citizens spirit in America is quite similar to that of current China. The rapid development of economy leads to the loss of mental purity, which causes the rising of postmodernism in the two countries. In China, many postmodernist plays, novels or films have been seen flourishing.James M. Mc Glathery wrote a book named Grimms Fairy Tales, A History of Criticism on a Popular Classic. In his book, Mc Glathery introduced many researches and studies on Grimms Fairy Tales. The author divided the history of Grimm-philosophy into four major phases. (1) The discovery of the collection in manuscript one century later after its first publication in 1812. (2) Bolte and Polivka established the typology of Grimm tale from 1913 to 1931. The establishment made the 210 tales the model types for identifying written or oral, international, national and regional variants. This German practice transformed unique, literary Grimm tale versions into authentic prototypes for countless potential variables around the world and legitimized the interpretive analysis of their overall meaning. (3) In West and East German, memorial volumes committed to Brothers Grimm at the anniversaries of Jacob Grimms death, presented essays about the influence of the household tales on international folklorists respective oral traditions. (4) Finally, the celebration of the brothers births in 1985 and 1986 opened a spectacular chapter in Grimms research. Scholars of folklore, literature, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, history, religion and pedagogy joined forces in publications, conferences, seminars and workshops to provide analyses and interpretations of the stories together with their authors from the vantage point of their respective disciplinary orientations. (黄蓓,7) The plenty of approaches and philosophies proposed by those scholars is further evidence of the oft-repeated comment that the popularity of the Childrens and Household Tales is second only to the Bible. This phase is carrying on and still enlightens new surveys and interpretations. The majority of researchers are Germanists. Few folklorists among these researchers accept the Grimm tales as prototypes due to the opinion that, in German-speaking countries, folklore is an integral part of Germanistics. This book is full of romantic elements, but till now, few systematic studies in the romantic elements of this book can be found. According to this, the paper analyses the book from this angel based on romanticism theory divide into four parts: yearning for ideal world, admiring nature, emphasizing emotion expression and the use of romantic techniques. The endings are always happy, the characters are of pure emotions. Forest is the combination of mystery and animals release their nature spirit, nature things are always with great power. And what differs from other tales is the emotion it express is always positive, the book encourage people to resist their fate. So it is full of subjectivity and militancy. The using of romantic writing techniques is also a main element of the book. In the early 19th century, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was disintegrated and disunited both in territory and nationality. Napoleon disintegrated Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806 which caused the awakening of German national consciousness. Thousands of intellectuals devoted themselves in the national liberation movement. Yet the difference of languages and cultures among the countries and cities became barriers in the process of unifying national consciousness. In order to eliminate the barriers, some intellectuals started to advocate cultural nationalism. Meanwhile, romanticism rose and revived interest in traditional folk tales. In the process of romanticism, Brothers Grimm represented a pure form of national culture and literature. With the aim of researching an academic monograph about folklores, they established a series of methods for gathering and recording folk tales that took the shape of the basis for folklore studies. In these tales, they depict thousands of ideal worlds. And we can see their good intentions to the future just from its happy endings. They use childrens literature to express their hope to arouse the sleeping Nordic Spirit, encourage people to resist. And children are the nations future, their minds are of high plasticity, so Brothers Grimm laid their hopes on them. Chapter One Yearning for Ideal World “Idealism is a form to show the scorn on the modern civilized society and the hope to build a new idealized one.”（范文瑚，38） It can be demonstrated from many aspects. The idealism in themes, on the one hand, deals with the social aspect from the angle of Utopian Socialism and on the other hand, the pastoral life free of modernization. At the same time, idealism in characters can be traced back to the origin of romanticism. Romanticism is from the word “romance” which refers to the narrative works in Medieval Ages. The medieval romance is the direct source of Romantic Movement in Europe and its tradition of molding perfect characters in superman style is followed by romantic writers. In romantic works, characters assume more desirable human qualities for the sake of showing the ideal and sublime moral characters. ( Ferber Michael, 23) The idealized characters are the set examples to speak for the author and educate the readers. Due to the dissatisfaction with the real world, surrealist is demonstrated in romantic literature to unfold a picture of idealism in front of readers eyes. The artistic presentation of the surrealist literary spirit in romantic works forms the ideal world, in which writers feel free to express their own feelings and wishes. 1.1 Idealism in Perfect Endings Grimms Fairy Tales is usually regarded as fantasies. In a fantasy, which is “an explicit attempt made to render plausible the fictional world”(黄蓓,7), idealism finds vivid embodiment in the book. In order to perform the function as a childrens book, idealism is embodied in themes especially its perfect endings. There are many tales in this book, and they belong to different story modes. But they have a similar ending. That is the heroine will marry to a prince and the evil will be published or disappear. The happy ending of the Grimms Fairy Tales is also connected with the social conditions. The people under the rule of the feudalism are always in the last walk of the society. They wish they can be treated equally one day. They wish all the unfair systems of the society can be abandoned. They wish they can be their own leader of themselves. While the happy ends of the Grimms Fairy Tales are comforts to them in some extent. They can not escape the real world and their hardship, why do not they find a happy end in the Grimms Fairy Tales. Because it is more idealistic, these tales have some assimilation modes. The first model is soul salvation. The Briar Rose and Little Snow White are not be slaved until young handsome prince kiss them. But the completion of the “princesss salvation” is only related to the appearance and difficulties exit the redemption not in the reality. Anyway, the Snow White is slaved. She lived happy life with her prince since then. The second model is the spiritual growth. Life contains four periods, namely the period of children, young adulthood, middle age and old age. Due to physiological changes, the transition period of childhood to adolescence is the revolution of soul. Romantic fairy tales of the protagonists growth symbolize creation, the main body of the life and human nature. The growth of this motif has more profound philosophical thinking and aesthetic charm. Growth is the eternal theme of fairy tales. But in Grimms Fairy Tales, true self-identity and spiritual growth is diverse and profound. However, the good will succeed at last. As the little sister in The Six Swans, little sister of six brothers must undergo the test of being not speaking nor laugh with sewing leaves of green bamboos in order to relieve the curse on her brothers for six years. During these years she married the king and gave birth to her two kids, even when they and she were in danger. She controlled her words until she succeeded in sewing, letting six brothers change back. This tale undoubtedly has a more profound metaphorical meaning with religious feelings. This is a more breathtaking tales, but at last the little sister wins. However, these tales have the same endings, which is that the prince and the princess live a happy life from then. Happy life does not always exist in reality, but we can see its romantic idealism from it. The evil will be published or disappear eventually, the kind hero or heroine will . Romantic writers express their hope to build a good future through these endings. They dare not resist dominators but use educate children to fight for their happiness through these tales. 1.2 Idealism in Simple Characters The classic revised Grimms Fairy Tales is unreal tales with a lot of imaginations. They make use of imagination to get a lot of people, things and situation together. The imaginable people and things move and live freely in this unreal fairy world. In one of the classic revised Grimms Fairy Tales, The Frog King, a princess went to play near a well, she threw a ball but did not got it and it fell into the well. She began to cry, and then a frog appeared and said to the princess: “Kings daughter, you weep so that even a stone would show pity.” ( Grimm Jacob& Wilhelm, 56) “Be quiet, and do not weep, I can help you, but what will you give me if I bring your plaything up again?” here we may ask: how can a frog say words like humans. It is just imagination. In the Fisherman and His wife, a fisherman caught a fish, Flounder, but set him free. His wife asked him to find the fish and ask for a lot of treasure. How can a fish have such great power? It is also just imagination. So the basic factor of the classic revised Grimms Fairy Tales is colorful imagination and the imagination is the soul of the fairy tales. The image of fairy tale characters can be divided into the following four categories. The first one is the image of ordinary people refers to the ordinary people from different identities like common farmers and carpenters with their general strength. They have small, ordinary appearance, but benefit some good qualities, such as specially kind, or extremely intelligence. These images often have the desire and fantasy of ordinary people. The second one, prince or princess refers to ideal characters. They have everything, wealth and beauty together with good wisdom. The third one is ghost or sprites with no reality existence but often appear in fairy tales. The witch or fairy image is completely in fancy. The fourth one is the animal image. (Cashdan,4648）In fairy tales, animals also have spirit, they can communicate with humans effortlessly. The fifth one is vessels images, including tea tank and rocket shoes but they and the heroes do not talk. Obviously, the former two are often from normal human mode, and the third belongs to super human mode, while the last two belong to human like mode. But these characters