定语从句典型错误剖析.doc

一、如何正确使用连接主从句的引导词一个定语从句的引导词是用关系代词还是关系副词,这是同学们首先遇到的一个难题,由于把握不准,所以出错较多。请看以下例子:1.A. That is the school _we studied three years ago.B. That is the school _ we built three years ago. 2.A. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he gave me the film copy.B. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he fixed for me to have the operation.3.A. Beijing is a city _ there is the famous Summer Palace.B. Beijing is Chinas political and cultural center, _ has the most universities.这三组句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同学们在判断空格线上所使用的引导词时很容易出错。我们来作一解析:上述各组A句中先行词所表示的是从句中谓语动词动作发生的地点或时间,如1A句空格中指的是in the school, 2A句空格中指的是on the day, 3A句空格中指的是in the city,因此,引导词指的是状语,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种谓状关系,要分别用 where, when, where;而上面各组B句中的先行词表示的是定语从句的宾语或主语,如1B句中的 built the school, 2B句中的fixed the day, 3B句中的the place has,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种动宾或主谓关系,因此,引导词要用关系代词that或which(3B句是一个非限制性定语从句,只能用which)。通过解析我们可知:判断是用关系代词还是关系副词要看先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系,就用关系副词,如果是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。二、弄清几个问题1. 区别清It +be引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子:A. It was September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.B. It was on September 11, 2001_ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.A. It was Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.B. It was in Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.以上两组A、B句除了分别相差介词on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句,哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法:去掉It was和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句;否则,那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的A句是含定语从句的复合句,横线部分分别用关系副词when 和where。而B句则是强调句,横线部分应是that。2. 定冠词的有无有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如:(1) This is one of the books that_ (sell) well in the bookstore.(2) This is the one of the books that _ (sell) well in the bookstore.sell取单数还是复数?分析:在(1)中,that 引导的定语从句修饰的是the books, 而(2)中one前有了一个the, 句子重心前移,这时从句修饰的是the one。因此(1)应用sell, (2)应用sells。3. 注意标点符号的形式有时我们会见到这样的句子:(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _ read: Ive left for Harbin.(2) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. _ read: Ive left for Harbin.一个标点符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1)中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,因此横线部分用which。(2)中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子,因此,空格处应填入能作主语,代替a note的代词。因为指物,故用It。 1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?答案:去掉it。解析:定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。因此从句中不能再出现与关系词作用相同的代词或名词,以避免重复。误句中省略的关系代词(which/that)作bought的宾语,故it是多余的。2. Have you been to the company where she works there?答案:去掉there。解析:关系副词已作了working的地点状语。3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.答案:将when改为which/that。解析:先行词在定语从句中作spent的宾语,故用which/that,而when在从句中只作时间状语。4. Is this all what you want to say?答案:将what改为that。解析:先行词为指物的不定代词时,其后的定语从句用that来引导,作宾语时也可省略。而what不能引导定语从句。5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.答案:将it改为which。解析:这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句, which在从句中作介词宾语。6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.答案:将when改为which。解析: which指代时间(December 21)作定语从句的主语。7. This is the ring for which she is looking.答案:将for移到looking之后。解析:look for是固定短语动词,不能够拆开使用。8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?答案:在that前加the one。解析:犯这类错误的主要原因是错把this history museum看作是定语从句的先行词。根据句子结构,this history museum应是主句的主语。故应添加一个定语从句的先行词the one作主句中的表语。9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.答案:将her改为whose。解析:用whose代替her引起定语从句,修饰先行词the monitor。10. As you know it, he has left for Australia.答案:去掉it。解析:关系代词as作know的宾语,再使用it就重复了。11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted.答案:将that改为which。解析:that作为关系代词不能用于非限制定语从句中。此处which指代主句(The meeting was put off)。13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting.答案:将was改为were。解析:定语从句中的谓语动词,在数和人称上必须与主句中的先行词保持一致。该句的先行词是those, 故应用were。14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.答案:在visited前加who。解析:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。15. Whos the old man whom you just shook hands?答案:在hands后加上with。解析:定语从句中的关系代词whom作with的宾语,故介词with不能省略。 定语从句是高中英语教学的重点、难点，又是高考考查的热点。仔细研究近年各地高考试题，不难发现命题者往往借助于定语从句先行词的特殊用法，巧妙考查考生在特定语境中对定语从句关系词的选择。现举数例分析如下：1.(2006山东)Were just trying to reach a point_both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. which【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词是point，此处表示抽象地点且在定语从句中作地点状语，因此应填where。如果考生只知道point表示“点、分数”，不熟悉其可以表示抽象地点，极易造成误选。2.(2005上海)If a shop has chairs_women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where【解析】本题的先行词并不是我们常见的表示地点的名词（如place, room, house, street, area），而是chairs。命题者正是通过这一点迷惑考生，使考生误选that或which。本题的句意是：“商店如果有椅子，女士们可以让男士们坐在椅子上”，即women can park their men in/on the chairs,所选关系词在定语从句中应该作地点状语，故选D。3.(2004湖南)I work in a business_almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A. how B. which C. where D. that【解析】先行词是表地点的a business（商业机构，公司），从句中的谓语动词is waiting for后有宾语a great chance，所以需要填where或in which，故选C。4.(2003上海)I can think of many cases_students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.A. why B. which C. as D. where【解析】本题中的先行词是表示抽象地点的cases（实例，情况），定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where或in which，故选D。5.(2003北京春季)We are living in an age_many things are done on computer.A. which B. that C. whose D. when【解析】本题的先行词是an age，表示“时代、年代”，从句是被动语态，句子结构是完整的，故选D。6.(2005广东)Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes_people were eaten by the tiger.A. in whichB. by whichC. whichD. that【解析】本题的先行词是scenes，表示“场景”的意思。句意为“在那些场景中，人被老虎吃掉”，即in the scenes people were eaten by the tiger，故选A。7.（2004全国II）There were dirty marks on her trousersshe had wiped her hands.A. where B. which C. when D. that【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词是trousers，从句缺少状语，不缺主语和宾语，所以用关系副词引导定语从句。句意为“在她擦手的裤子上有污迹”。8.(2001上海)He has got himself into a dangerous situationhe is likely t