【优质】英语专八 最全英美文学常识.doc

英国文学(English Literature)450-1066Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 古英语（或盎格鲁撒克逊）时期1066-1500Middle English Period 中古英语时期1500-16601516-15781578-16251625-1660The Renaissance 文艺复兴 1) The beginning of the Renaissance 2) The flowering period 3) The epilogue of the Renaissance1660-1785The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期1785-1830The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1832-1901The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期1901-1914The Edwardian Period 爱德华时期1910-1936The Georgian Period 乔治五世时期1914 -The Modern Period 现代时期1945 - Postmodernism 后现代主义一、 Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学 (8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期 (449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf贝奥武甫- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙 610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period 中世纪 (1066-ca.1485 / 1500): a. Romance 中世纪传奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人 - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士与绿色骑士: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines 14th C, Age of Chaucer: * Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟 1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron十日谈启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰罗曼史(译作) * William Langland(朗兰 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman农夫皮尔斯之幻象: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte dArthur亚瑟王之死- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴 (1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌 Henry Howard(霍华德 1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man” Defense of Poetry为诗辩护 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia阿卡狄亚: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞 1552-1599): the poets poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代 - long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen仙后：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian StanzaSpenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔 1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人 Utopia乌托邦: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means. The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age; Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧 a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛 1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派 Edward II；The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王b. William Shakespeare(剧作家&诗人, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行诗) + 37 plays + long poems; 现实主义创始人16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia); The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记 A Mid-Summer Nights Dream; As You Like It皆大欢喜; The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;Much Ado About Nothing无事生非; The Winters Tale冬天的故事; All is Well that Ends Well终成眷属 11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth麦克白; The Tempest暴风雨 Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful 10 historical plays: Henry IV; Henry V c. Ben Jonson(琼生 1562-1637 诗人&剧作家&批评家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone狐狸; The Alchemist炼金术士三、 17世纪文学 1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)资产阶级革命时期: poetry (Metaphysical 玄学派+ Cavalier骑士派) a. John Donne(多恩 1572-1631)：玄学派创始人; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning临别辞：莫悲伤文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking the conflict between body and soul The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主题-爱） b. John Milton(弥尔顿 1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)Paradise Regained复乐园; Paradise Lost失乐园: the greatest English epic; Satan is the heroSamson Agonistes力士参孙：closet drama; for reading rather than performing; On His Blindness目盲自咏; Areopagitica论出版自由; Comus; Lallegro快乐的人; Lycidas c. John Bunyan(班扬 1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and lively prose style The Pilgrims Progress天路历程: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁神曲、奥古斯丁忏悔录并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期: tendancy to Realism and Formalismrestoration literature: cliquish culture小集团文化; French classical tastea. John Dryden (德莱顿 1631-1700, 批评家&戏剧家)：first poet laureate(桂冠诗人); the father of English Criticism establish the heroic couplet(英雄史诗式两行诗) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教) and descriptive(描写) poetry最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”, 成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexanders Feast; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗歌: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英国文艺复兴&当代法国 四、18世纪英国文学: Realism (关注社会现状，普通人) The Neoclassical Period (17世纪中期-18世纪) Enlightenment (启蒙运动): 18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressive intellectual movement. 文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义 Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science Neo-Classicism: 早期 (Addison, Steele and Pope); 中期 (Samuel Johnson) old classicsConform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韵的两行诗)Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern a. Samuel Pepys(毕博思 1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th C The Diaryb. Alexander Pope(蒲柏 1688-1744) : 新古典主义代表; master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope 18世纪初期文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron影响巨大 first introduced rationalism to EnglandAn Essay on Criticism(处女作); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock夺发记; Dunciad愚人记 c. Richard Steele (斯梯尔 1672-1729) & Joseph Addison (艾迪生 1672-1719): literary periodicalsThe Tattler(闲谈者报): 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; 抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感The Spectator(旁观者报)：共同创办；the Spectator Club - 现代英语小说先锋 贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派 d. Samuel Johnson (字典约翰 1709-1784) : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age” The Dictionary of the English Language: 英语字典的基础； The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets2) 十八世纪小说的崛起: 首批英国小说家 the Sentimentalist & the Realist* 现实主义 a. Daniel Defoe(笛福 1661-1731): 英国现实主义小说奠基人; Father of English and European Novels Moll FlandersThe Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: the first person singularCrusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development. A Journal of the Plague Yearb. Henry Fielding(菲尔丁 1707-1754, 小说家&戏剧家): 英国小说之父; 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose创始人文风：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; AmeliaThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事: 18世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy “Prose Humor”c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家&讽刺小说家): 伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical prose文风：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”Gullivers Travels格列佛游记: Liliput(小人国); Brogdingnagians(大人国); Laputa(勒普泰岛); Houyhnhnms(慧马国)The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal (bitter irony)d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒险小说* Sentimentalism(感伤主义): It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt towards the worlds wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.a. Samuel Richardson(理查森 1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandisonb. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩 1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy项狄传- unusual and queer artistic formc. Oliver Goldsmith (戈德史密斯 1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Deserted Village荒村; She stoops to ConquerThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction3) Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism (前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌)：18世纪中期a. James Thomson(汤姆森 1700-1748 苏格兰)：The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse； the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticismb. Edward Young(杨 1683-1765) c. William Collins(柯林斯 1721-1759)：Ode to Evening晚颂d. Thomas Gray(格雷 1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt themElergy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌；Ode on the Springe. William Blake(布莱克 1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家)： symbolism The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Songs of Experience经验之歌: The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子 世间的丑恶Songs of Innocence天真之歌: The Lamb Poetical Sketches素描诗集 f. Robert Burns(彭斯 1759-1796 苏格兰)：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland; the peoples poet文风：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Hearts in the Highland A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne旧日美好时光; For a That and a That不管那一套4) 戏剧a. John Gay(盖伊 1685-1732): The Beggars Opera乞丐歌剧: one of the most conspicuous stage triumphsb. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(谢立丹 1751-1816 喜剧作家)： tendency to Realism the artificial comedy (风俗喜剧) & anti-sentimental movement 顶峰 The Rivals情敌 The School for Scandal造谣学校：best English comedy since Shakespeare two brothers Joseph/Charles surface; criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy 五、The Romantic Period英国浪漫主义文学 (1798-1832) 女性小说家涌现 passion, emotion and natural beautyIt begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridges joint work Lyrical Ballads in 1798.It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832. The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反对新古典主义文学1) 特点 individuals 1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom. 2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material. 3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature. 4. It is marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understanding of the human heart. 5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules. 6. Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.2) 诗歌 Lakers / Lake Poets (湖畔诗人, 第一代): Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey - worshipper of naturea.William Wordsworth (华兹华斯 1770-1850)：Poet Laureate Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集：Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏; Lines Written in Early Spring 英国浪漫主义开端The Prelude序曲； The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女； I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；Composed upon Westminster Bridge； Lucy Poems; My Heart Leaps Up; To the Cuckoo致布谷鸟b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治 1772-1834)：poet and literary critic； Kubla Khan忽必烈汗；Christabel；The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Lyrical Ballads)古舟子咏; The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的倒塌c. Robert Southey(骚赛)：Joan of Arc圣女贞德3) 诗歌 第二代诗人: 早熟、热情而短命；against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上a. George Gordon Byron(拜伦 1788-1824)：lyrical poems deal with nature and love Cain该隐Don Juan唐璜：西班牙贵族子弟周游各国，发生在18世纪后半叶。长诗Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记: Childe是其诗歌中首位拜伦式英雄。长诗Byronic Heroes: 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满反抗精神。内心孤独苦闷，却又蔑视群小。She Walks in Beauty; When We Two Parted; Hebrew Melodies希伯来歌曲b. Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪莱 1792-1822)：love the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters Queen Mab；The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛； Adonais； A Defence of Poetry；The Necessity of Atheism(无神论)诗剧：The Cenci钦契一家； Promethus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯(Greek mythology)love lyrics: Ode To a Skylark云雀颂；Ode to the West Wind (冬天来了，春天还会远吗): swift, proud and wild的西风c. John Keats (济慈 1794-1821)：ode; “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” leading principle Ode to Psyche普赛克颂 His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness(知觉) and the perfection of form. Ode on Melancholy；IsabellaOde to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale； Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂4) 散文: 19世纪早期，critical prose writing - Leigh Hunt, De Quincy a. Charles Lamb(兰姆 1774-1834 随笔): nostalgia, humor, delicacy, personal and observations 最佳散文家Old China古旧的瓷器; Tales from Shakespeare(儿童文学); Essays of Elia(论说文集) b. William Hazlitt (哈兹利特 1778-1830): 犀利的文学批评 - The Characters of Shakespeares Plays Lectures on the English Poets; Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth My First Acquaintance with Poets; On Going a Journey论出游5) 小说a. Walter Scott (司各特1771-1832): 西欧历史小说之父； the first novelist to recreate the past 浪漫主义向现实主义转变Waverley威弗利；Rob Roy罗伯罗伊(苏格兰历史)；Ivanhoe艾凡赫b. Jane Austen(简奥斯丁 1775-1817)：humor, wit and delicate satire; true to life 首位女作家，以特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。预示现实主义小说崛起 Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺Sense and Sensibility；Pride and Prejudice；Emma； Persuasion劝导; Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园 c. Mary Shelly (雪莉)：Frankenstein六、The Victorian Period维多利亚时期 (1832-1901) Critical Realism 批判现实主义- novel poetry/proseFull and detailed representation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class1) 小说a. Charles Dickens(狄更斯 1812-1870): 小资产阶级知识分子 humoritst, satiristWith striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people.Bleak Hous荒凉山庄；Hard Times艰难时世；A Christmas Carol圣诞颂歌 1st Period (1836-1841): youthful optimism - The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店; Oliver Twist雾都孤儿The Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传：退休商人Pickwick冒险经历 - 18世纪早期的英国的小资们 petty-bourgeoisie 2nd Period(1842-): excitement and irritation David Copperfield; Dombey and Son董贝父子 3rd Period: intensifying pessimism Great Expectations远大前程 A Tale of Two Cities: 革命主题 法国革命中的巴黎与伦敦 Dr. Manette - Lucie&Darnay, Defarge, Sidney Cartonb. The Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte(1816-1855): Jane Eyre(Mr. Rochester); Shirley雪莉Emily Bronte (1818-1848): Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff & Catherine) 资本主义社会婚姻制度Anne Bronte(1820-1849): Agnes Greyc. Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人 1810-1865): Life of Charlotte Bronte 英国最佳传记Mary Barton玛丽 巴顿：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalistsd. George Elliot(艾略特 1819-1880 女作家): 田园生活，道德问题，心理描写 Silas Marner织工马南文风：rich humor and keen observation, very philosophical Adam Bede：Adam爱上变心女The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨房：Tom & Maggie； Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life米德尔马契e. William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷 1811-1863): Vanity Fair/ A Novel without a Hero名利场f. Thomas Hardy(哈代 1840-1928 诗人&小说家):多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。 the Wessex novels(虚构地点)Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下； The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长；The Return of the Native还乡Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣； Jude the Obscure无名的裘德Tess of the DUrbervilles德伯家的苔丝: Tess & Angel Clare 人无法掌控自己的命运g. Robert Stevenson(史蒂文森 1850-1894): Treasure Island金银岛; Kidnappedh. William Morris(莫里斯): The Earthly Pradise; Pilgrims of Hope希望的探求者2) 诗歌: optimism and progressive vitality a. Alfred Tennyson(丁尼生 1809-1902)：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人 Poet Laureate In Memoriam悼念 sounds and rhythms; evoking moods; linking descriptions of nature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers The Princess; Maud; Break, Break, Break拍岸曲；The Idylls of the King国王叙事诗; Ulysses尤利西斯b. The Brownings 布朗宁夫妇 Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portuguese Robert Browning(1812-1889)：dramatic monologues; realistic; optimistic; believed in the progress of mankindMen and Women(诗集)； My Last Duchess我的前公爵夫人；Meeting at Night； Home Thoughts, from Abroad3) 散文 a. Thomas Carlyle(卡莱尔 1795-1881 历史学家): The French Revolution 起因(the workers miserable living condition) b. John Ruskin(作家&艺术评论家): 其社会和经济观念对William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrence影响巨大Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies c. Matthew Arnold(阿诺德 1822-1888): Dover Beach多弗尔海滩4) 无产阶级文学 a. Ernest Jones(琼斯 1819-1869): the Chartist poets(宪章派诗人) b. William Morris(莫里斯 1834-1896): the first socialist writer5) 19世纪末期文学趋势 a. Naturalism: 19世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjective and somber - 达尔文 Emile Zola & George Gissing b. New-Romanticism: oppose the idea that art reflects life reality Stevenson (苏格兰小说家) c. Aestheticism(唯美主义): art is self-sufficient and has no reference to life 在诗歌中倾向于withdrawal or aversion d. Descadence(颓废派文艺): the crisis of bourgeois culture; opposes the democratic and socialist ideals; “art for arts sake” Oscar Wilde(王尔德 1854-1900): Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importance; The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales ; Salome莎乐美 Lady Windermeres Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子；Th