《英语语言学》答案完整版.doc

英语语言学概论答案完整版考核方法：闭卷  考试时间：100分钟题型：I. 单项选择(151=15)II判断 (151=15)III填空(101=10)IV术语解释(52 =10)V简答题 (45 =20)VI. 分析题 （30）重点掌握的术语： 1. LinguisticsThe study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology,  morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design featuresThey are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. DualityIt is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. ArbitrarinessIt is generally the case that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulationIt is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulationIt focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phoneticsThe general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated is articulatory phonetics. 9. PhonologyThe description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. AssimilationIt is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or copied by the other. For example, the word can in the sentence I can go.may pronounce as k instead of kn because of the influence of the following sound g. 11. Back-formationA word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word donation first came into use and then the verb donate was created from it. 12. MorphemeIt is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s. 13. Immediate ConstituentIt is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show   constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. 14. SyntaxThe study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence. 15.semanticsThe study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular. 16. HyponymyWhen the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy. 17. HomonymyIt is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well. 18.synonymyIt refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide. 19. PragmaticsThe study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey. 20. SynchronicIt is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.第一章  语言的起源概念辨析 The “bow-wow” theory The “yo-heave-ho” theoryThe former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them whileyo-he-ho theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort 自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？   On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed the capacity for speech.  On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been explained since a language cannot be only a set of words used asnames for entities.第3章 语言的属性概念辨析 language Design features of language Displacement Arbitrariness Duality应用 能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。 能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统思考 人类语言有哪些功能？First, it has the function of cultural transmission. People pass knowledge, skills from one generation to the next only through oral language especially in the old days, Second, it has the function of communication. Human use their language to communicate with each other, socially or emotionally, to indicate their friendliness, cooperation or annoyance and pleasure. Third, it plays an important role in thinking. Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel it necessary to speak their thoughts aloud. 动物交流系统里存在“说谎”吗？It absolutely exists in animal communication system. For example, some animals will pretend to die to avoid being eaten. Therefore,it is common phenomenon in animal for survive or foods.第五章   语音学概念辨析 Articulatory/acoustic/auditory phonetics manners of articulation vs. places of articulation Consonants vs. VowelsWhether they are produced with obstruction of the air stream in the mouth. phonetics vs. PhonologyProduction and characteristics of speech sound vs. How speech sound forms and abstract or mental aspect of it. broad transcription vs. narrow transcriptionWhether they have allophones理解 Speech organs The classification and description of consonants The classification and description of vowels应用 能够识别发声器官图中的发声器官名称Vocal cords声带 alveolar 齿龈 palate 上颚 velum软腭 能够根据发音部位/方式英语辅音进行分类和描述。  发音部位 bilabial pbmw labiodental fv dental alveolartdsz alveo-palataltdj velarkg glottalh     发音方式Fricative fvsz  affricatetd 能够描述元音前元音/i/ /i:/ /e/ /中元音/  / /:/后元音/u/ /u:/ / /:/ /a:/思考 长元音是短元音的时间延长吗？the length and tenseness in articulation. 基本元音系统在元音描述和分类中有什么用处？With the cardinal vowel as reference, the vowel in a particular language can be accurately described without much difficulty.第六章   音系学概念辨析 Phonetics vs. Phonology Phones, Phonemes and allophonesThe minimal unit in the sound system of a language is phoneme. Many different versions of that sound-type produced in actual speech are phones. And these phones are allophones.(from abstract to specific and the whole of the specific.) Phonemic contrast vs. Complementary distributionPhoneme vs allophone(like p= and ph) SyllablesMust contain a vowel sound. assimilation理解 The relation among phones, phonemes and allophones The different types of assimilationRegressive, progressive and double assimilation The different types of deletion(elision)应用 能够分析语音学和音系学的区别 能够根据根据音位对立概念来组建和设计最小对子和最小对子组 能够根据互补分布概念来理解同一音位在不同语音环境下的发音效果 能够清楚地分析音节结构 能够根据同化现象来解释语流中的音变现象思考 如何确定语言中的音位？we can distinguish a phoneme in terms of meaning because each phoneme can produce different meaning in a language, such as, ssound in the word sing and sound in the word thing. Since the two words have different meaning, the two sound are different phonemes. 开音节和闭音节有何不同？第七章  构词法概念辨析 Blending vs. ClippingThe combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term such as smog which is from smoke and fog.The element of reduction is called clipping such as gas which is used more frequently than gasoline. Derivation vs. Back-formationIt is the most common word-formation process in the production of new words by means of affixes. Prefix vs. SuffixAdded to the beginning of a word or the end of the word.运用 能够根据构词法来辨识所出现的新词Coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and derivation.思考  前缀和后缀在构词法中的作用有何不同？In general, prefixes are to show the direction of the original form while suffixes are to show the parts of speech of it.  转类词(converse)和同音同形异义(homonymy)字有差异吗？Converse emphasize the difference if its part of speech while homonymy focus on the difference in its meaning.第八章  形态学概念辨析 Free morphemes vs. Bound morphemesWhether they can stand by themselves as single words. Lexical morphemes vs. Functional morphemesWhether they carry the content of message we convey. Derivational morphemes vs. Inflectional morphemesThe former are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.The latter are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.(plural or single, past tense or not, comparative or possessive,present participant or past participant.)理解 Morphemes Inflectional morphemes应用 能够根据词素的分类对英语句子进行简单的形态描述e.g.The       girl    -s        wild    ness       shock       -ed         the (functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (lexical) (derivational) (lexical) (inflectional)(functional)  teach   er         -s (lexical) (derivational) (inflectional) 能够区分派生词素和曲折变化词素思考 序数词词尾是派生词素还是屈折变化词素？派生词素 词根和词干有什么区别？Root is the form which cuts out all its affixes while stem is the form which only deletes its inflectional morphemes. For example teacher is stem while teach is root in the word teachers. 第九章  短语和句子概念辨析 Prescriptive grammar vs. Modern linguisticsCollect some samples of the language then describe the regular structures of it.理解 Agreement (number/person), gender (natural gender/grammatical gender),case Tense, aspect and voice of verbs掌握 Parts of speechNoun adjective verb adverb conjunction (what does it refer to and how it is used) IC analysis应用 能应用直接成分分析法对英语简单句进行分析并标示节点名称SNPArtThe NdogVPVfollowedNPArtthe Ndog. 学会直接成分分析法树形图的绘制第十章  句法概念辨析 Deep structure vs. Surface structureAn abstract level of structural organization or not理解 Generative grammarAnalogically, if the sentences of a language can be seen as a comparable set, then there must be a set of explicit rules that can produce all those sentences. Such a set of explicit rules is a generative grammar. Phrase structure rulesrules state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order.SNP VP     VPV NP (PP)(Adv)NPArt (Adj) N,PN  PPPrep NP   Recursionrepeat some symbols on the right of the arrow. e.g. VPV S掌握 Syntactic description Phrase structure rules应用 能应用表层结构和深层结构概念来分析歧义结构（结构树形图） 能应用短语规则来分析ungrammatical sentences的原因 学会绘制句子结构的树形图          S  NP           VPArt  N     V    NP   Adv                 PNThe father helped George yesterday. 第十 一章  语义学概念辨析 Conceptual meaning vs. Associative meaningWhether it covers those basic, essential components of meaning Homonymy vs. PolysemyIt has a single entry or not.理解 Componential analysis Features such as animate, animate; human, human, female, female. Semantic rolesAgent and theme (patient)   Instrument and experiencer   Location, source and goal掌握 各类词汇语义关系如synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy 等Synonymy同义 vs. Antonymy反义  hyponymy上下义关系  homonymy同形异义 vs. Polysemy多义（a single entry,express one meaning of it but in different specific aspects) CollocationOne word tend to occur when conveying others which is the distinct side from the original one.应用 能应用反义关系概念对反义词进行分类（分级、互补、关系）Gradable antonymys are the ones that the negative of one member of them does not necessary imply the other.Non-gradable antonymys or complementary pairs 能应用词源理论来对同音同形异义和一词多义进行辨析第十 二章  语用学概念辨析 direct speech vs. indirect speechWhether the result of it is an direct speech act. locutionary act/illocutionary act (force)/perlocutionary actLocutionary act (发话行为): the act performed when we speak, i.e. the act of producing a sound, word or sentence. If we say a word “Good.”,we produced a word.Illocutionary act(行事行为): we make clear our purpose in producing sounds, the way we intend them to be understood (force); the act performed by saying something. If we say a word “Good.”, we are praising him or her.Perlocutionary act (取效行为): the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. If we say a word “Good.”, we want to make him or her happy. cooperative principle vs. conversational implicatureCooperative Principle (CP): Make your conversational contribution such as is required , at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.Conversational Implicature (含义): the implied meaning掌握 语用学与语义学的核心区别Pragmatics focus on content not only its meaning. 合作原则的四个准则QUANTITY  Make your contribution as informative as is required. Ex.- Where is X?     - Hes gone to the library. He said so when he left.QUALITY Try to make your contribution on that is true. Ex. Every nice girl loves a sailor.RE