寒假论文英文版.doc

Teaching in English Listening Author: Zhang HongmeiSupervisor: A ThesisSubmitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Teaching in English Listening Senior EnglishJinhong Middle School, Anhui Province Feb., 2013 教学论文 浅谈高中英语听力教学 张红梅 Teaching in English ListeningAbstract Based on the idea of the communicative approach, through practice of listening teaching, the paper suggests that we should consider principles of preparation, repetition, comprehension, accuracy, being comprehension, accuracy, being comprehensive, being interesting while using the communicative approach in teaching listening.This paper aims to make people use euphemism properly and effectively. This paper holds that euphemism plays an essential role in making human communication go more smoothly. This paper will be conducted with the history and definition of euphemism, its pragmatic functions and so on. Key words: listening material; ; communication Teaching in English ListeningThesis StatementEuphemism is an appropriate way of expressing roundabout and it plays an essential role in linguistic communication.Outline. Introduction. The Pragmatic Properties of EuphemismA. The History and Definition of EuphemismB. The Characteristics of Euphemism. The Varieties of EuphemismA. In Terms of Communicative Functions1. Exaggerating Euphemism2. Narrowing EuphemismB. In Terms of Context1. Restricted Euphemism2. Unrestricted Euphemism. The Ways of Employing EuphemismA. Using Figures of SpeechB. Using VocabularyC. Using Grammar. The Pragmatic Functions of EuphemismA. General TheoriesB. Specific Theories1. Ritual Functions2. Disguising Functions3. Humorous Functions. ConclusionWorks Cited章兼中。外语教育学【M】。杭州浙江教育出版社，1995.束定芳，庄智象。现代外语教学-理论、实践与方法【M】。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996.David Nunan(1991) Language Teaching Methodology Z. Phoenix ELT, P23-28.章兼中。国外外语教学法主要流派【M】。华东师大出版社，1983.Howard, P. The State of the Language: English Observed. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1984: 36.Keith Allan, Kate Burridge. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1991: 87.Leech G. Principles of Pragmatics. London Longman, 1983: 25.陈原. 语言学论著M. 辽宁: 辽宁教育出版社, 1998.邓海. 英语委婉语的特点及其应用J. 西南民族学院学报, 1999 (4): 125.鄂丽燕. 英语委婉语对比J. 呼伦贝尔学院学报, 2008 (2): 107.封桂英. 英语中的委婉语J. 修辞研究, 2002 (1): 114.顾嘉祖. 语言与文化M. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002.何兆熊. 语用学概要M. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1999.邵军航. 委婉语的定义J. 黄石理工学院学报, 2008 (3): 14.魏金龙. 英语委婉语及发展趋势J. 河北北方学院学报, 2008 (1): 29.严菊环. 浅议英语委婉语的交际功能J. 黄岗师范学院外国语学院, 2007 (6): 187.张汉熙，王立礼. 高级英语Book1M. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2007.朱金华. 英语委婉语新探J. 安庆师范学院学报, 1999 (3): 118.Teaching in English ListeningI. IntroductionEnglish listening test in the College Entrance Examination not only aims to examining studentsability of understanding oral English but also the ability of using this language, that is, studentsability of getting and handling information is quite important. However, there is a lot of information in listening materials. Then how to find out the most valuable information from the materials? As is known, listening is an essential part of developing social relations. In this communicative process, people would like to use euphemism to express themselves in a roundabout way.This paper, which holds that euphemism plays an essential role in making human communication go more smoothly and successfully, aims to make people know the history and significance of euphemism better and employ euphemism more properly and effectively. This paper will study euphemism from the aspect of the pragmatic functions of euphemism which will be conducted with the history and definition of euphemism, its pragmatic functions and so on. .Students should pay special attention to the Key Words in the listening materials. Although some materials are quite long and situations are complicated, the Key Words reflect the subject or the main idea of the whole material, so catching the Key Words becomes especially essential. According to the differences among virous Key Words, the listening exercises can be generally divided into four types: Make an appointment(about time), buying and selling, weather conditions, topics of news or current affairs.1Key Words about time and appointmentFor example,Question: What time will the ship leave? M: The ship leaves in twenty-five minutes. W: Oh, its only six-forty now. Note: It is twenty to seven at present, and the ship leaves 25 minutes later, that is, the ship leaves at five past seven.This type of listening materials is about time calculating, so the students should pay special attention to the Key words about time and understand their relationship so that they are able to get the right answer through calculation. 2Key Words about buying and sellingFor example,Question: How much will the man save for what he is buying? W: These toys are on special sale this week. They have been reduced by 5 dollars each. M: All right. Ill take two. Will you wrap them two for me? Note: five multiply 2 is 10 dollars.Another example,Question: How much does the man pay for the sweater? W: Itsseventy-five dollars plus tax. M: Hmm, since you like it so much, I can bring down the price by 10 percent. Note: 75 dollars minus 10 percent equals 67.5 dollars. This type of listening materials is related to money calculation so that the students should master the Key Words about money and their differences, and get the correct answer through some calculation. 3Key Words about weather conditionsFor example, Question: Whats the weather like in Scotland in the morning? A. cold but clear B. Sunny C. windy with rain In which place may there be ice on the road? A. In northern England B. In London C. In Scotland Whats the weather like in many places of Cardiff in the evening? A. Cold and fog B. Snowy C. Rainy When will London be likely to have some sun? A. Tomorrow afternoon B. This morning C. This afternoon Listening material： Very strong winds will bring rain to Scotland and most of northern England in the morning. These winds will die away during the afternoon to give a cold clear night and there may be ice on the roads in Scotland. The rest of England and Wales will have a dry day, and in London temperatures will be higher than normal at this time of year. The evening will be cold with fog in many places in Cardiff, but temperatures will not be low enough for ice to form. Tomorrow will be a windy day with rain everywhere until around noon. In the afternoon the rain will clear from the southwest, bringing fine weather to many parts by the evening and there may be some sun in London. But temperatures will be low and the winds may bring some snow anywhere in the north and west before morning. Note: At the beginning of the text, we can hear “Scotland in the morning”, which makes us know the answer to the first exercise. The second exercise is about Place so that we should pay special attention to the places while listening the material. We know the answer to the third one through “Cardiff in the evening”. The fourth one is about time, which will get easier if we combine it with the place“London”. About this type of exercise, we should watch the character or the subject of this exercise, and then pay special attention to the subject while listening.4Key Words about news and current affairsFor example, Question:When did the earthquake take place? _. A. On TuesdayB. On WednesdayC. On Thursday What happened to the boy in the earthquake? _. A. He was badly hurtB. He was buried under a refrigeratorC. He was slightly wounded How did the boy survive the big earthquake? _. A. He stayed in a refrigerator B. His father pulled him out in time C. Their house escaped the earthquake How many people were killed in the earthquake? _. A. About 500B. About 5,000 C. About 50,000 Listening material： We interrupt this program to bring you a special news report. A six-year-old boy has been found alive after spending almost 10 hours in a refrigerator that was buffed under tons of ruins in the big earthquake that took place early on the morning of Wednesday last week. The boy, Tom, was found early yesterday in the village of Sem as rescuers were working to pull his father out of the ruins of their home. Hearing a faint cry of “Get me out, get me out”, the rescuers dug down another 1.5 m and found the boy in the refrigerator. He was pronounced in good condition, suffering only four or five minor wounds. Toms eight brothers and sisters died in the earthquake, which officials say may have killed as many as 5,000 people. By yesterday afternoon, foreign doctors were leaving the earthquake area, as hope had faded of finding any more survivors. Now we return you to the mid-afternoon music show. Note:This is a typical news report. The first exercise is about the time of the affair; the second and third ones are concerning about the details of news figures; the fourth one is about figure, which can clearly be heard in the listening material. All in all, if the students are clear about the main topic of each exercise, they will have no much difficulty in getting the right answer.English listening exercises require students to understand the main idea or its subject, and also get the attitude and the opinion of speakers, so students should make quick and right judgment about the background, relations and the deep meaning. It is suggested that the students should read the listening exercises before listening and find out the key words, including time, negative words, gender, number and so on, and after listening, make quick judgment and choose the right answer. .At the same time, based on the basic knowledge of listening, students should grasp some skills to do listening exercises.Here are some practical approaches to do listening exercises effectively. 1. Read after the tapeThis approach is from imitating, which is one of the most effective ways of language learning.There are two types, the first one is to read one sentence by one sentence until you finish the whole text, and the other one is to read the whole paragraph or even the whole text while listening. Of course, the second one is more good to grasp the whole text. Some good texts are worthy to be read several times until you can recite them.2. Read loudlyThis approach is the extension of the one above. Youd better read loudly when you read similarly with the speaker. It will have an effect on your ear and brain, so if you practice this for a period of time, you will find that you read more fluently and smoothly. Meanwhile, you are creating a solid base for your oral English. The following is some tips for you while you are reading loudly:First of all, put your heart into it. Pay attention to your pronunciation and intonation, and you will feel it good and the result is obvious. Besides, while you are reading, you can cover your ear to avoid noises, but most importantly, it will strengthen or increase the effect on your ear and brain in order that you can get more effective result. If you practice like this, you will find it more easy and quick to recite texts, which plays an important part in language learning.3. DictationThis approach combines writing and listening, and it has a huge effect through consolidation. Professor Zhong Daolong, a famous language learning expert in our country, promotes English dictation exercise.4. Make full use of English to English dictionaryIf you meet with new words in listening, you should guess the meaning, and then consult the English to English dictionary- the sooner, the better. This is not only because it will give you the most clear explanation, which is better than the explanation after translation, but also through consulting the English to English dictionary, you can get a more direct feeling to English, instead of the transformation from Chinese into English. For example,In the English to Chinese dictionary, both the word insist and the word persist mean “Jianchi”, so you can not see the difference between the two words. While if you consult the English to English dictionary, you will find their difference easily. Please notice the explanation to the word insist in the Longman Web Dictionary：to say firmly and repeatedly that something is true， especially when other people think it may not be true；while persist means：to continue to do something， although this is difficult， or other people warn you not to do it. As a result, it is so easy to find the difference between the two words. It is clear that the English to English dictionary is just like a good teacher for you to avoid mixing words together.5. Be familiar with different topics in listeningThis approach is to deal with some problems in listening, for example, there is a wide range of listening materials, and it is not easy to know the voice quality and the vocabulary requirement. Then your being familiar with different topics in listening becomes more important. Choose some listening materials that you are interested in and that are related to the main topics. For example,If you are interested in news and current affairs, you can find some listening materials about this topic, which can help you learn many new words in this area, and if you practice a lot, you will be more and more familiar with the vocabulary in this area. It can be said that this approach will widely broaden your vocabulary of many different areas. So this approach can help you remember a lot of new words before you realize it. Moreover, you also know how to use these words. 6. Read widely to improve listening abilityAfter a period of practice, you will probably find yourself in a phrase in which you make little progress. Maybe you fail to understand some listening materials. This kind of problem not lies in your listening skills. On the contrary, it means you have made great progress in listening, and it is urgent that you should further improve your listening ability. Then reading widely is a wise choice. Read various materials related to listening materials, including novels, magazines, online passages, news reports and so on. Reading is like the secretary of listening. In this way, you can further widen your vocabulary, know more about the background in foreign countries and promote your listening ability. You should be aware that the more you know about a certain kind of knowledge, the easier you will understand listening materials