AIX 000-222复习提纲.doc

1、 考试概况考试内容占总分比例可能题目数Section 1 - Planning4%3.76Section 2 - AIX Installation and Updates 11%10.34Section 3 - Boot Process9%8.46Section 4 - Configuration16%15.04Section 5 - Storage and LVM14%13.16Section 6 - Monitoring and Tuning11%10.34Section 7 - Problem Determination and Resolution13%12.22Section 8 - Backup and Recovery8%7.52Section 9 - Daily Management14%13.16合计100%94总题目数：94y2、Planning2.2.1、 After a migration installation, you may notice filesets on the system in the OBSOLETE state. Obsolete filesets were installed by earlier versions of the operating system, but they remain on the current system because the migration only replaced some, but not all, of the files they contain. These filesets remain necessary for systems running mixed levels of the operating system.5.1、5.2的应用可以直接在5.3下运行，不需要重新编译。2.2.2、 V5.3的长用户名问题 5.3支持超过8字符的用户和组名。有些应用可能没有这种检查，所以在编程的时候不要轻易使用长用户名的函数。2.2.3、 V4的32位应用 一般都可以正常使用而不需要重新编译。2.2.4、V4的64位应用 任何V4下的64位应用都需要重新编译之后才能在5L下正常运行。2.2.5、X11R5、R6的兼容性 1、5L用X11R6。2.2.6、3同5的差异 All AIX applications using AIX V3R3.2 or later, for POWER-, POWER2-, and PowerPC-based models that are written in accordance with the guidelines in this announcement and other AIX announcements run on AIX 5L without recompilation for those same models. The exceptions to this statement would be applications compiled using POWER2- or PowerPC- specific compiler options but run on models other than POWER2 or PowerPC, or applications using the following:_ Their own loadable kernel extensions_ Certain high-function terminal control interfaces_ X11R3 input device interfaces_ The CIO LAN device driver interface_ SCSI device configuration methods (IHVs)_ The nlist() interface_ DCE threads_ Previous security interfaces executing on AIX 5L systems with long user names enabled.2.3、系统的可用性single points of failure (SPOF)._ Hardware Management Console (HMC)If you are using advanced POWER5 processor-based systems that require the presence of an HMC you should use dual HMCs to provide redundancy of this critical management interface._ Redundant Service Processor (FSP)If a service processor is unavailable, its function will dynamically be taken over by the redundant service processor._ System Power Control Network (SPCN) cablesSPCN cables provide communication between the server power system and drawer or tower power system. They are connected in a loop. Should any segment of the loop fails, the system and external drawers or towers will remain connected._ I/O connectorsThe server design should use dual I/O connections between the Central Electronics Complex (CEC) and I/O drawers or I/O towers. Should an I/O cable become damaged, the system can automatically reconfigure to use the second cable._ Power suppliesTo increase system availability, the power supplies should be redundant, powered from separate power circuits that use different fuses._ CoolingThe server should include multiple variable speed fans. Should any of them fail, the remaining fans will automatically increase their rotational speed to maintain the thermal conditions within limits.Dynamic reconfiguration - LPAR featuresOn POWER5 processor-based systems you can take advantage of dynamic reconfiguration (DR) or dynamic LPAR (DLPAR).Configure the operating system for high availability_ Mirroring at LVM layerTo increase data availability you can implement strict mirroring at the LVM layer for all logical volumes. If possible, copies of the same logical partitionshould be located on different physical volumes that are using different SCSI controllers, different SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) backplanes and even different CECs. Try to use disk drives of the same size and keep the mirroring policy as simple as possible.Special care has to be taken for rootvg because failure of the rootvg will render the system unusable._ Quorum of volume groupsYou should ensure that the quorum of volume groups, including rootvg is properly set._ Boot listYou should include in the bootlist every physical volume that contains a valid BLV._ Copies of logical volumesWhen you create a mirror copy of a logical volume ensure that you synchronize LV copies._ Using RAIDDepending on the level of the availability and hardware configuration you can use different RAID level implementations to increase your data availability._ Software and microcode managementTry to take advantage as much as possible from possibility to install, update,reject, and remove software and firmware without interrupting the system_ Network interface physical connectionsWhen you connect your network interfaces ensure that you are compliant with external network availability policies such as Connecting different physical network adapters to different physical Ethernet switches Configuring different physical network adapters to belong to a single VLAN_ Network interface configurationYou should configure network interfaces so that your system will still be able to provide the services it is supposed to provide even if an interface fails or network is experiencing problems. You should consider using some of the following: Connecting your system to multiple networks Connecting multiple interfaces to the same network Defining multiple routes, having different weights to the same network Configuring dead gateway detection Defining aliases for network interfacesAppropriate IBM resources for system planning_ Physical system packaging (deskside or rack drawer) and dimensions_ Microprocessor type and quantity_ Clock rates available_ System memory (standard - maximum)_ Data - instruction (L1) cache - Level 2 (L2) cache - Level 3 (L3) cache_ Chipkill memory_ Service processor_ Hot-swappable disks (internal and external)_ Dynamic Processor Deallocation_ Dynamic deallocation: PCI-X bus slots_ Hot-plug slots_ Blind-swap slots_ Redundant hot-plug power_ Redundant hot-plug cooling_ Capacity and expandability_ Capacity on Demand (CoD) functions_ Maximum logical partitions/micro-partitions_ Maximum available PCI-X slots_ Maximum PCI-X bus speed_ Disk | media bays_ Communication adapters_ pSeries High Performance Switch_ Display adapterThe LPAR Validation ToolDownload the tool on the Web at:/servers/eserver/iseries/lpar/systemdesign.htmlTip: the LVT tool can be used to configure both IBM Sserver i5 and p5 systems. It will adapt the hardware requirements to the appropriate LPAR operating system.Important: Consult your hardware manual before installing a new device into your system. Some adapters from previous generation machines may not work.Basic disk requirementsAIX 5L Version 5.3 requires at least 2.2 GB of physical disk space for BOS (Base Operation System) in a stand alone system or an LPAR. To increase the level of data redundancy, you need more physical volumes to create RAID protection or disk mirroring. Disk requirements for other (non-system) applications, consult the documentation of that application.重点：1、Raid介绍2、？3、？3：系统安装（Install）第三章 System and software installation1. Migration installation Use this installation method to upgrade AIX Version 4.2, 4.3, AIX 5L Version 5.1, or Version 5.2 to AIX 5L Version 5.3 while preserving the existing root volume group (see the release notes for restrictions). The installation process determines which optional software products must be installed. With the exception of /tmp, this method preserves most file systems, including the root volume group, logical volumes, and system configuration files. In most cases, the user configuration files from the previous version of a product are saved when the new version is installed during a Migration installation.2. Preservation installationUse this installation method when a version of the BOS is installed on your system, and you want to preserve the user data in the root volume group. However, this method overwrites the /usr, /tmp, /var, and / (root) file systems by default; so, any user data in these directories is lost. These file systems are removed and recreated; so, any other LPPs or filesets that you installed on the system will also be lost. System configuration must be done after doing a Preservation installation. The /etc/preserve.list file contains a list of system files to be copied and saved during a preservation BOS installation. The /etc/filesystems file is listed by default. You can add the full path names of any additional files that you want to save during the Preservation installation to the preserve.list file. For example, you can alter the /etc/preserve.list file to tell your installation process that you want to preserve your /var file system. Create /tmp yes yes yes3.1 Install software Software can be installed in one of two states: applied or committed. The appliedstate places software on the system and retains the previous version of the software. The committed state places software on the system and removes all previous levels of the software from the /usr/lpp/PackageName directory. 3.2、关于信任计算基础（Trusted Computing Base） 1、By installing a system with the TCB option,you enable the trusted path, trusted shell, trusted processes, and system-integrity checking . 2、storing critical information about these files in the /etc/security/sysck.cfg file. 3、TCb的作用是什么？例子没有看明白。 4、It is important to note that you can enable TCB only at installation time. If no, you will have to reinstall the operating system to enable TCB at a later stage. 5、TCB can be removed by removing the bos.rte.security fileset from the system. 6、/usr/bin/tcbck 命令可以判断系统是否支持TCB。3.3、BOS安装1、 进入SMS菜单的方法a. With an HMC, choose Activate, the partition, and override the boot mode to SMS.b. Without an HMC, wait until the POST finishes and you hear the two beeps, then press the 1 key.2、 安装过程有一个可选项esrase hdisk; If you need to process hard disks with sensitive data, you can use a new optionthat allows the data to be erased, or you can find erase option in diag menu;3、 安装过程中，关于终端类型的选择，图形终端就选择LFT,如果你的终端没有在列表中，那么就选VT100.4、 当机器拷贝文件完毕，重启进入提示符的情况下，就是BOS安装过程完毕，那么可以印证了一个概念，BOS指的整个基本系统。包括所有文件集等等。5、 安装流程Return back to the main Installation Assistant, as displayed in Figure 3-22. This configuration assistant can be started againlater via the SMIT tool: smitty assist. More information about SMIT is in Section 5.2, “System Management Interface Tool (SMIT)” on page 135.3.4、Network Installation Management（NIM非常陌生，感觉概念也比较多，并且一般都有题目）1、何谓NIM：Network Installation Management (NIM) allows you to manage an automatedinstallation of the Base Operating System (BOS) and optional software on one or more machines.2、You can install a group of machines with a common configuration or customizean installation for your specific needs.t 同时安装机器的数量取决于网络、服务器硬盘的吞吐量以及服务器平台的类型。2、 Once the network installation setup is complete, users of stand-alone（单机）clients can, from the client, install software that is available on NIM servers.3、 The types of machines that can be managed in the NIM environment are stand-alone, diskless, and dataless clients.(单机，无盘，无数据客户端)4、 无数据的机器仅仅使用自己的硬盘做paging space和/tmp和/home。无盘机器就所有文件系统都需要连到服务器上，但是2者本地都没有启动映象，都需要从服务器引导。5、 NIM环境有2种角色：master and client。6、 NIM的很多资源都是通过调用NFS软件来实现的，所以估计这2者有依赖。7、 设置NIM的菜单 smitty eznimNIM resources3.3 Troubleshooting your installation3.3.1 Viewing BOS installation logsInformation based in BOS installation log files might help you determine the cause of installation problems.To view BOS installation log files, Enter cd /var/adm/ras and view the files in thisdirectory. One example is the devinst.log, which is a text file that can be viewed with any text editor or paged through.3.3.2 Viewing BOS installation logs using SMITYou can use SMIT fast path to view some logs in the /var/adm/ras directory.To view some logs in the /var/adm/ras directory, you can use the following SMITfast path:# smit alog_show# alog -o -f bosinstlog故障信息的收集 1)收集故障信息对于判断、诊断故障原因，修复系统非常重要。 2)系统故障记录(errorlog) errdemon 进程在系统启动时自动运行,记录包括硬件、软件及其他操作信息 故障记录文件为/var/adm/ras/errlog，可备份下来或拷贝到别的机器上分析 errpt 命令的使用(普通用户权限也可使用) #errpt |more 列出简短出错信息 ERROR_ID TIMESTAMP T C RESOURCE_NAME ERROR_DESCRIPTION 192AC071 0723100300 T 0 errdemon Error logging turned off 0E017ED1 0720131000 P H mem2 Memory failure 9DBCFDEE 0701000000 T 0 errdemon Error logging turned on 038F2580 0624131000 U H scdisk0 UNDETERMINED ERROR AA8AB241 0405130900 T O OPERATOR OPERATOR NOTIFICATION TIMESTAMP: MMDDHHMMYY (月日时分年） T（类型）: P 永久; T 临时; U 未知 （永久性的错误应引起重视） C（分类）: H 硬件; S 软件; O 用户; U未知 #errpt -d H 列出所有硬件出错信息 #errpt -d S 列出所有软件出错信息 #errpt -aj ERROR_ID 列出详细出错信息 # errpt -aj 0502f666 - ERROR_ID用大小写均可 3.4 ODM大多数的系统 object classes 和 objects存储在/usr/lib/objrepos目录，然而，ODM信息存储在1、/usr/lib/objrepos2、/usr/share/lib/objrepos3、/etc/objreposCustomizedDevice Database (CuDv):Predefined DeviceDatabase (PdDv).ODM的相关命令：odmadd: add objects to an boject class描述:添加对象到创建的对象类,以一个或多个input file(ASCII文件:包含有描述要添加到对象类中的对象的数据)文件为输入,并且添加对象到带有文件数据的对象类中,如没有指定文件,从标准输入中获取odmcreate: create empty object classes描述:产生.c(源)和.h(包含)文件,对于odm应用程序开发和创建空的对象类是必要的,是odm类编译器,以描述用户希望在特定的应用程序中使用的对象的ASCII文件为输入,此命令能够创建空的对象类,作为它的执行的一部分.odmchange: change specific objects in a specified object class描述:更改指定对象类中的选定对象的内容,如给定了修改的对象,搜索规则和新对象,odmchange将修改所有满足搜索规则的对象.odmdelete remove objects from an boject class描述:从指定的对象类中删除选定的对象,odmdrop remove an entire object class描述:除去对象类,以及整个对象类和它所有的对象,其他对象类是否链接了本对象类,不进行检查.示例:1.假定存在一个名为MyObjectClass的对象类,下列命令除去对象类:odmdrop -o MyObjectClassodmget retrives objects from object classes描述:从指定的对象类中检查对象到odmadd输入文件,以搜索规则和对象类列表为输入,从指定的对象类中检索选定的对象,并写ASCII odmadd输入文件到标准输出.odmshow display the description of an object class描述:在屏幕上显示对象类定义,类描述的格式采用odmcreate命令的输入格式.3.5、Alternate disk installation1、交替磁盘一个重要特点就是做个BOS备份在另外一个磁盘，而切换呢就需要修改一下bootlist，然后需要重启一次。2、交替磁盘安装的使用方式: a、 复制正在运行的rootvg到一个交替磁盘。b、 从另外一个盘安装一个mksysb备份映象3、版本问题，在5.2之前使用alt_disk_install命令，5.3已经更新了，虽然还保留这个命令，但是不推荐使用这个命令。6、 V5.3下的交替磁盘主要更新：已经跟之前的alt_disk_install分离；加强了错误检测等等。6、添加的命令：_alt_disk_copy creates copies of rootvg on an alternate set of disks._ alt_disk_mksysb installs an existing mksysb on an alternate set of disks._ alt_rootvg_op performs Wake, Sleep, and Customize operations. 7、smitty alt_mksysb(Install mksysb on an Alternate Disk) smitty alt_clone(Clone the rootvg to an Alternate Disk) 命令运行完成之前就会用交替盘重启机器。？Once the process is finished, the system reboots from the alternate disk, either as mksysb or cloned rootvg.这需要验证一次。8、 clone Aix 5L(这是使用备份来安装新系统的过程？) By default, using the alt_disk_install command does the following:1. Creates an /image.data file based on the current rootvgs configuration. A customized image.data file can be used.2. Creates an alternate rootvg (altinst_rootvg).3. Creates logical volumes and file systems with the alt_inst prefix.4. Generates a backup file list from the rootvg, and if an exclude.list file is given, those files are excluded from the list.5. Copies the final list to the altinst_rootvgs file systems.6. If specified, the installp command installs updates, fixes, or new filesets into the alternate file system.7. The bosboot command creates a boot logical volume on the alternate boot disk.8. If a customization script is specified, it runs at this point.9. The file systems are then unmounted, and the logical volumes and file systems are renamed.10.The logical volume definitions are exported from the system to avoid confusion with identical ODM names, but the altinst_rootvg definition is left as an ODM placeholder.11.By default, the bootlist is set to the new cloned rootvg for the next reboot.9、 查看BOS安装loga. 文件保存在/var/adm/ras中，属于text file。b. 可以使用alog f -o 来查看。常用方式：alog o f bootlogc. 也可以使用smitty alog_show 来查看。10、AIX 5L 启动过程的错误代码。A list of useful LED codes and their specific explanation when installing on anAIX 5L operating system are as follows:c40 Configuration files are being restored.c41 Could not determine the boot type or device.c42 Extracting data files from diskette.c43 Cannot access the boot/install tape.c44 Initializing installation database with target disk information.c45 Cannot configure the console.c46 Normal installation processing.c47 Could not create a physical volume identifier (PVID) on disk.c48 Prompting you for input.c49 Could not create or form the JFS log.c50 Creating root volume group on target disks.c51 No paging devices were found.c52 Changing from RAM environment to disk environment.c53 Not enough space in the /tmp directory to do a preservation installation.c54 Installing either BOS or additional packages.c55 Could not remove the specified logical volume in a preservation installation.c56 Running user-defined customization.c57 Failure to restore BOS.c58 Displaying message to turn the key.c59 Could not copy either device special files, device ODM, or volume group information from RAM to disk.c61 Failed to create the boot image.c62 Loading platform dependent debug files.c63 Loading platform dependent data files.c64 Failed to load platform dependent data files.- Dump Progress Indicator - 0c0 The dump completed successfully 0c1 The dump failed due to an I/O error. 0c2 A user-requested dump has started. You requested a dump using the SYSDUMPSTART command, a dump key sequence, or the Reset button. 0c3 The dump is inhibit 0c4 The dump did not complete. A partial dump was written to the du