5个词根10个文化词语.doc

1.com-,con-表示共同 combine联合，结合compassion同情compatriot同胞commend赞扬；推荐commemorate纪念2.by-表示在旁边，副的byproduct副产品byroad辅路byway小道bygone过时的byline作者署名行3.bi-表示两个，两biweekly双周刊bilingual双语种的biennial两年一次的biannual一年两次的bifurcate分成两杈的4.bene- 表示善，好benewolent好意的benefaction好事；恩惠benefit好处，利益benediction祝福beneficent仁慈的，善行的5.anti-表示反对，相反antiwar反战的antitank反坦克的antipathy反感antithesis对立；反论antitrust反托拉斯的1.玩火自焚 Whoever plays with fire shall perish by itDuring the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 B.C.), prince Zhouyu of the State of Wei killed his brother, Duke Huan of Wei, and became the new emperor. Zhouyu was a tyrant, oppressing his people and indulging in wars of aggression. By launching wars, he tried to divert his peoples attention and reduce their discontent with him.The Duke of the State of Lu learned about Zhouyus usurpation of state power and his ambitious plan to annex other states. He then asked one of his officials, Could Zhouyu, in your opinion, attain what he aims for? The official answered, He indulges in wars and brings his people much disaster. He wont get their support. And hes capricious, so few of his close friends follow him. He will never achieve his ambition. Moreover, war is like fire. If one launches wars endlessly without restraint, hell eventually burn himself. As it turned out, with the help of the State of Chen, the people of Wei overthrew Zhouyu and killed him in less than a year.Later, people use the idiom to say that those who do evil will ultimately ruin themselves. 春秋时期，卫国的公子州吁杀死了他的哥哥卫桓公，成了卫国的国君。州吁是个暴君，他压迫百姓，到处侵略别的国家。他想利用战争来分散百姓的注意力，减少人们对他的不满，从而巩固他的专政。鲁国的君王知道州吁篡夺了王位，还企图吞并其他国家，就问他手下的一名官员：“你认为州吁的目的能达到吗？”那位官员说道：“州吁到处打仗，给人民带来了灾难，人民不会支持他。他这个人又反复无常，身边没有什么亲信，他不可能实现自己的野心。而且，战争就像火，无休止地打仗，最后，火会烧到自己身上。”果然，不到一年，卫国人民就在陈国的帮助下推翻了州吁的统治，并处死了他。后来，人们用这个成语来比喻干害人的勾当，最后受害的还是自己。2.铁匠与小狗 The Blacksmith And DogA Blacksmith had a little Dog, which used to sleep when his master was at work, but was very wide awake indeed when it was time for meals. One day his master pretended to be disgusted at this, and then he had thrown him a bone as usual, he said, “What on earth is the good of a lazy cur like you?” When I am hammering away at my anvil, you just curl up and go to sleep, but no sooner do I stop for a mouthful of food than you wake up and wag your tail to be fed. 铁匠家有一条小狗，小狗常常在主人打铁时睡觉，但是一到了吃饭时间，便异常清醒起来。有一天，铁匠假装对此很生气，一边像往常一样扔给小狗一块骨头，一边说：“地球上还有像你一样懒惰的坏蛋吗？”你这家伙，总是在我卖力工作时，蜷缩起来睡觉，可是，只要我一停下来吃点东西，你就清醒地摇着尾巴过来讨饭吃。“3.鹰与捕鹰者The Eagle and his CaptorA Man once caught an Eagle, and after clipping his wings turned him loose among the fowls in his hen-house, where he moped in a corner, looking very dejected and forlorn. After a while his Captor was glad enough to sell him to a neighbour, who took him home and let his wings grow again.As soon as he had recovered the use of them, the Eagle flew out and caught a hare, which he brought home and presented to his benefactor. A fox observed this, and said to the Eagle, “Dont waste your gifts on him! Go and give them to the man who first caught you; make him your friend, and then perhaps he wont catch you and clip your wings a second time.” 从前，有一个人捉住了一只鹰，随后便剪断了他的翅膀，放入鸡窝中与其它家禽一起饲养，鹰一直呆在角落里暗自悲伤，看上去甚为沮丧和绝望。没过多久，捕获老鹰的那个人很高兴地将鹰卖给了一个邻居，邻居把鹰带回家后又帮它长出了新的翅膀。鹰飞出去抓住了一只兔子，立刻带回家给恩人。一只狐狸看到后，便对老鹰说：“不要在他身上浪费你的猎物，把这份礼物送给以前捕获你的那个人，和他交个朋友，那么，或许他不会再次捕获你，并剪断你的翅膀。”4. Fall Behind Sun Shan 名落孙山In the Song Dynasty (960-1279) there was a joker called Sun Shan. One year he went to take the imperial examination and came last on the list of successful candidates.Back in his hometown, one of his neighbors asked him whether the neighbors son had also passed. Sun Shan said with a smile: Sun Shan was the last on the list. Your son came after Sun Shan.Later, people used this idiom to indicate failing in an examination or competition. 宋朝时（公元960年-1279年）有一个擅长幽默的人，名叫孙山。有一年，他去参加科举考试。发榜之后，孙山榜上有名，但是排在最后一位。孙山回到家乡后，一位同乡向他打听自己的儿子考上没有。孙山笑了笑说：“孙山考上最后一名，您儿子的名字还在孙山后面呢。”后来人们用“名落孙山”来比喻考试没有考上或者选拔没有被录取。5. 半途而废Give up halfwayDuring the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220AD), there was a man called Yue Yangzi. Encouraged by his wife, he left home to visit scholars and enrich his knowledge.A year later, he came back home suddenly.Why have you returned? asked his wife in surprise, Youve only spent one year studying with scholars.I come back because I missed you very much, Yue Yangzi replied.Without saying anything, his wife took a pair of scissors and went to the loom at which she had worked. Pointing at the half-done brocade, she proclaimed, This brocade is woven from the finest silk. I wove one strand after another to produce the brocade. Now if I cut it, all my previous work will be wasted. Its the same with your studies. Now, youve stopped halfway. Isnt it the same as cutting the brocade on the loom? Deeply moved by what she said, Yue Yangzi again left home to continue his studies.Several years later, he finished his studies and became a learned man.东汉时，有个名叫乐羊子的人，在妻子的鼓励下，出远门拜师求学。一年后，乐羊子突然回到家中。他的妻子很惊讶地问：“你怎么回来了？你才和那些学者学了一年呀！”乐羊子说：“我太想你了，所以回来看看。”他的妻子听了之后，二话不说，拿起把剪刀走到她的织布机前，指着那块已经完成了一半的锦缎说：“这块锦缎用的是最好的丝，我一丝丝的累积来织成这锦缎。如果我现在把它剪断，就等于前功尽弃。你求学也是这样，如果现在停止，和剪断织布机上的锦缎有什么区别？”乐羊子被妻子的话深深感动，于是立刻离开家，继续拜师求学。几年后，乐洋子终于完成学业，成为一个博学的人。6. 投鼠忌器Hesitate to pelt a rat for fear of smashing the dishes (beside it)There is a story in Book of Han about a rich man who was a lover of antiques. Among his large collection was a rare vase made of jade. The vase was of exquisite workmanship and of historical value. He loved it dearly.One night, he noticed a mouse jumped into the vase and was trying to eat some food which the man had carelessly left there. The sight infuriated the man. In a fit of rage, he threw a stone at the mouse. For sure, the mouse was killed, but the precious vase was also broken.The loss of the vase pained the man greatly. He deeply regretted his own thoughtlessness had brought such unrecoverable loss. He now realized that anyone who only cares for the present and overlooks consequences is apt to bring disasters upon himself. So he sounded a warning: People should not ruin their precious things to get rid of a mouse, but hesitate to pelt a rat for fear of smashing the dishes beside it.Now, the idiom tu sh j q is mainly used to refer to people who are cautious in taking action.汉书中有这么个故事：有个富人很喜欢古董。在他收藏的很多宝贝中，有一件稀有的玉盂，工艺精湛，具有很高的历史价值，深受这个富人的喜爱。一天晚上，一只老鼠跳进了这个玉盂，想去吃里边的一些剩菜，正巧被这个富人看到了。他非常恼火，盛怒之下，他拿了块石头砸向老鼠。当然，老鼠是被砸死了，可是那个珍贵的玉盂也被打破了。这件事使富人非常难过，他深深后悔自己的鲁莽带来的不可挽回的损失。他认识到：只考虑眼前，而忽视后果，将给自己带来灾难。因此，他向世人发出警告：要“投鼠忌器”，不要为了除掉一只老鼠而毁掉自己珍贵的宝物。现在，成语“投鼠忌器”常用来比喻做事有所顾忌，不敢放手进行。7.一技之长Proficiency in a particular lineThere was a famous scholar called Gongsun Long from the State of Zhao during the Warring States Period (475-221BC). Keeping a circle of skilled people around him, he often said, A wise man will welcome anyone with a specialty.One day, a man dressed in tattered and dirty clothes came to visit him and recommended himself: I have a special skill. Gongsun Long asked, What is it? The man answered, I have a very loud voice and Im good at shouting. Then Gongsun Long turned to his followers and asked, Is there anyone who is good at shouting? But none of them answered yes. So the scholar took the man in.Some days later, Gongsun Long and his followers went on a trip. They came to a wide river and found the ferryboat was on the other side of the river. All of them had no idea about what to do. It suddenly came to Gongsun Longs mind that the man he just took in was good at shouting, so he turned to the man and asked, Can you shout loudly at the ferryman so that he may get us? The man realized it was the chance to show his skill. He shouted to the ferryman as loudly as he could, Hey, ferryman, come here! We want to cross the river. As his voice ended, the ferryman rowed the boat towards them. Gongsun Long was very satisfied with his new follower.Later, people use the phrase, y j zh chng to describe anyone who has a special professional skill. 战国时期，赵国有位名士叫公孙龙。他手下聚集了许多有自己特长的门客。他常说：“一个聪明人应该善于接纳每一个有自己特长的人。”一天，有个穿着很破烂的人来见他，并向他推荐自己：“我有一项特别的本领。”公孙龙就问道：“什么本领？”那个人回答道：“我声音特别大，很善于叫喊。”公孙龙听了，就转身问他旁边的门客：“你们有谁善于叫喊？”结果没有一个人回答“是”。于是，他就收下了这个很善于叫喊的人作他的随从。没过多久，公孙龙和他的门客一起出外游玩。他们来到一条很宽的河边，发现渡船在河的另一头，所有人都不知怎么办好。突然，公孙龙想起他最近收的那个人的本领是善于叫喊，于是，他就转过头去对那人说：“你大声叫对面的船夫，看能不能把他叫过来。”那人觉得展示他技能的时候到了，就尽力大声向对面喊：“喂，船夫，过来，我们要过河。”当他叫声刚完，那对面的船夫就摇着船过来了。公孙龙对这个新收的门客非常满意。后来，“一技之长”就用来形容一个人有一项特殊的本领。8. 驴、狐狸和狮子The ass the fox and the lionAn Ass and a Fox went into partnership and sallied out to forage for food together. They hadnt gone far before they saw a Lion coming their way, at which they were both dreadfully frightened. But the Fox thought he saw a way of saving his own skin, and went boldly up to the Lion and whispered in his ear, Ill manage that you shall get hold of the Ass without the trouble of stalking him, if youll promise to let me go free. The Lion agreed to this, and the Fox then rejoined his companion and contrived before long to lead him by a hidden pit, which some hunter had dug as a trap for wild animals, and into which he fell. When the Lion saw that the Ass was safely caught and couldnt get away,it was to the Fox that he first turned his attention, and he soon finished him off, and then at his leisure proceeded to feast upon the A 驴和狐狸商量好一起去觅食。还没走出多远，突然看见一只狮子走过来，他们俩都吓得不得了。然而，狐狸却想出一条妙计，可以保全自己的性命。他立即跑到狮子面前，附耳小声地说：“如果你答应放我走，我就能保证让你毫不费力地抓住那头驴。”狮子应允了他的提议，狐狸便引诱驴掉进了一个陷阱里，这是某些猎人为捕获野生动物而事先挖掘出的洞。狮子见驴已被俘，再也逃不掉了，于是便转向刚才和他说话的那只狐狸，很快便抓住狐狸吃掉了。然后再慢慢地享受陷阱里的驴。9. 画饼充饥Draw a pancake to allay hunger to feed on illusionsLu Yu was a learned man of integrity who served as a senior official in the period of Three Kingdoms (220-280).Once, the emperor of Wei was trying to fill a government post, and was studying a list of famous names put forward by his officials. The emperor said, I want Lu Yu to select the right person, rather than choosing one of the well-known but useless individuals on this list. Fame is just like a pancake drawn on the wall. You cannot eat it. Lu Yu suggested the emperor conduct examinations to find the best candidate. From that time on, officials were appointed according to their real ability and Lu Yus method of selection was widely praised.At first the idiom meant unjustified fame, but it later came to mean satisfying oneself by imagining things, or consoling oneself with false hopes.三国时期（220280），有一个正直的文人叫卢毓，在魏国做大官。一次宫中选拔人才，官员们推荐了许多有名的人，魏国的皇帝说：“让卢毓来选人，我不要这些只有名声而没有真才实学的人。名声就像画在墙上的饼，不可以拿来吃。”卢毓建议皇帝选拔和考试相结合。从此，皇帝根据个人的实际能力来任命官员。卢毓的方法得到了大家的称赞。成语“画饼充饥”就来自于皇帝所说的话。最