语言学基本入门介绍ppt课件.pptVIP

IntroductiontoLinguistics 语言学 ArequiredcoursefortheEnglishmajor oneoftherequiredspecialist 专家 coursesontheMOEEnglishmajorcourselist Abetterunderstandingoflanguage fromvariousperspectives 观点 Abettertrainedmind fromdoingasystematic 系统的 有规则的 science 1 DifferencewiththeFreshmencourse TaughtinEnglishTextbookwritteninEnglishContent 内容 moredemanding 很费心的 很费力的 EnglishisFun 2 Possibledifficulties Terminology 术语 TheoreticalthinkingSystemofknowledgeProblem solving 3 Textbook 语言学教程 胡壮麟主编北京大学出版社E book 资源中心 课堂教学 4 Teaching LecturesDiscussionAssignments 分配 shortessays analysisoflinguisticdata 资料 5 Learning ParticipationReadingandunderstandingtextbooksDoingexercisesandassignments 工作 任务 Developingtheabilityoflogical 逻辑的 thinking 6 Assessment 评价 评估 Coursework 30 Consistsofattendanceandassignmentsaftereachchapter End of termexam 70 7 ChapterOneInvitations 邀请 toLinguistics 8 1 WhyStudyLanguage 9 myths 神话 orfundamentalviews Languageisatooltootherfieldsofknowledgeratherthanasubjectinandofitself Languageisonlyameansofcommunication Languagehasaform meaningcorrespondence 通信 Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed 10 Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly efficientlyandwithoutinstruction Languageoperatesbyrules Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents asoundsystem 语音系统 asystemoflexicogrammar 词汇语法系统 andasystemofsemantics 语义系统 Everyonespeaksadialect Languageslowlychanges 11 Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstyles 语体 andasetofjargons 行话 Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem Writingisderivative 衍生 ofspeech 12 Linguisticscanbeusedasawayoffindingoutmoreabout Howlanguageoperates chapter2 5 speechsoundsmorphemetophrasewordtotextmeaningHowthebrainworks chapter6 LanguageandCognition Howchildrenlearnlanguage chapter6 Howpeoplelearnandteachdifferentlanguages chapter6 chapter11 Whattherelationshipbetweenmeaningandperception 感知 is chapter5 chapter6 13 Whattheroleoflanguageisindifferentcultures chapter7 language cultureandsociety Chapter9 LanguageandLiterature Whypeopleusedifferentvarietiesoflanguage chapter7 chapter8 Languageinuse Whytherearelinguisticdifferencesbetweendifferentgroups chapter6 9 Howscientistsmakethecomputerworkinamorehuman likeorder Chapter10 Languageandcomputer 14 2 WhatisLanguage Webster sNewWorldDictionaryoffersseveralmostfrequentlyusedsensesoftheword Language 1 a humanspeech b theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans c asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed 语音和语义的结合系统 usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings d thewrittenrepresentation 书写形式 ofsuchasystem 15 2 a anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating asgestures signs oranimalsounds b aspecialsetofsymbols letters numerals rulesetc usedforthetransmission 传递 ofinformation asinacomputer Suffice 足够 ittosayherethatthoughweusethewordinitsvarioussenses wefocushereonitsprimarysense namely 1 a b c d 16 2 WhatisLanguage Language isnottobeconfusedwithhumanspeech ofwhichitisonlyadefinitepart thoughcertainlyanessentialone Itisbothasocialproductofthefacultyofspeechandacollectionofnecessaryconventionsthathavebeenadoptedbyasocialbodytopermitindividualstoexercisethatfaculty FerdinanddeSaussure 1857 1913 CourseinGeneralLinguistics 1916 17 Languageisapurelyhumanandnon instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols EdwardSapir 1884 1939 Language AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech 1921 18 Alanguageisasystemofarbitrary 随意的 vocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupco operates BernardBloch 1907 1965 GeorgeTrager 1906 1992 OutlineofLinguisticAnalysis 1942 Alanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichthemembersofasocietyinteractintermsoftheirtotalculture GeorgeTrager TheFieldofLinguistics 1949 19 FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset finiteorinfinite ofsentences eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements NoamChomsky 1928 SyntacticStructures 1957 20 Languageis theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral auditoryarbitrarysymbols RobertA Hall 1911 1997 IntroductoryLinguistics 1964 Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication RonaldWardhaugh IntroductiontoLinguistics 1977 21 Thequestion Whatislanguage iscomparablewith and somewouldsay hardlylessprofoundthan Whatislife thepresuppositionsofwhichcircumscribeandunifythebiologicalsciences itisnotsomuchthequestionitselfastheparticularinterpretationthatthebiologistputsuponitandtheunravellingofitsmoredetailedimplicationswithinsomecurrentlyacceptedtheoreticalframeworkthatnourishthebiologist sday to dayspeculationsandresearch Soitisforthelinguistinrelationtothequestion Whatislanguage JohnLyons 1932 LanguageandLinguistics 1981 22 inasensealldefinitions oflanguage are bythemselves inadequate since iftheyaretobemorethantrivialanduninformative theymustpresuppose somegeneraltheoryoflanguageandoflinguisticanalysis R H Robins 1921 2000 GeneralLinguistics 1989 23 Languageisaformofhumancommunicationbymeansofasystemofsymbolsprincipallytransmittedbyvocalsounds StuartC Poole AnIntroductiontoLinguistics 1999 24 Tosumup Languageisameansofverbal 口头的 communication instrumental 工具性 communicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulactsocialandconventional 约定俗成性 languageisasocialsemiotic 符号学的 andcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues 暗示 指示 motivation andsocio culturalroles Sophisticated 复杂性 Languagelearningandusearedeterminedbytheinterventionofbiological cognitive psycho social andenvironmentalfactors 25 3 DesignFeatures 本质特征 ofLanguage Whatmakeshumanlanguagesocomplicatedandflexible 灵活的 sounrestrained 不受抑制的 bytheimmediatecontextandsocapableofcreatingnewmeanings 26 Humanlanguageis unique Arbitrariness 任意性 Duality 二重性 Creativity 创造性 Displacement 移位性 27 3 1Arbitrariness Saussure theformsoflinguisticsigns signifiant bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning signifie Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaningdog犬 狗 28 Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel 穿 红衣的女孩今天早晨在教室里看书 Thegirlinredreadabookintheclassroomthismorning 今朝赤 服 着 女 子 教室 本 読 Sequence Chinese 穿 A 红衣的 B 女孩 C 今天早晨 D 在教室里 E 看 F 书 G Japanese DBACEGFEnglish CABFGED 29 Syntax 句法 islessarbitrarythanwords Thehigher thelessarbitrary 30 ArbitrarinessandConventionality Arbitrarinessmakeslanguagepotentiallycreative Conventionalitymakeslanguagesystemofsignsaccepted understoodbyacommunity Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage itistheconventionality idioms e g thatisworthnoticingthanitsarbitrariness 31 Argument Islanguagearbitraryinnature Structurallinguists 语言学家 Yes Systemicfunctionalists 机能主义者 andAmericanfunctionalists Yesinthedistinctive 有特色的 与众不同的 unitsofsounds noatthesyntactic 句法的 level Cognitivelinguists Iconicity 象似性 ratherthanarbitrary 32 Whatdidwedolasttime GottoknowthecourseandsomelinguistsLearnedsomemythsandfundamentalviewsaboutlanguageDiscussedwhywestudylanguageLearnedwhatlanguageis Languageisameansofverbal 口头的 communication Itisinstrumental socialandconventional sophisticated Dealtwithdesignfeaturesoflanguage Arbitrariness duality creativity anddisplacement 33 3 2Duality 二重性 Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization Primaryunits 上层单位 words meaningful Secondaryunits 下层单位 sounds meaningless 毫无意义的 Elements unitsthatcanbedividedintofurtherelements 34 Hierarchy 分层 oflanguage stratification 分层 as theinfiniteuseoffinitemeans Sounds syllables 音节 morphemes 形态素 词素 words phrases clauses sentences utterances texts discourses 论文 utterance发声 表达 说话方式 语调 言论 意见 言辞 35 AQuestionforyou Manyanimalscommunicatewithspecialcalls whichhavespecialmeanings Butwesayanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethepropertyofduality Canyouexplainthat A Thepropertyofdualityonlyexistsinasystemwithbothelementsandunits Theanimal sspecialcallsmighthavecorrespondingmeanings thatistheprimaryunitshavemeanings Butsuchunitscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements 36 Anin classtask Illustrate 阐明 thisstatementthattheadvantageofdualityliesintheproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith endowwith赋予 A Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements forinstance tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds Andoutofthehugenumberofwords therecanbeendlessnumberofsentences whichinturncanformunlimitednumberoftexts 37 3 3Creativity Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness 递归性 Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings Why Becauseofdualitythehumanspeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentences 38 Anin classtask Comeupwithsomeexamplestoillustratethecreativityoflanguage 39 加字对联趣闻 王羲之是晋代著名的书法大家 时人皆抢着去收藏他的墨迹 给他带来不少麻烦 每年除夕 他书写的春联一贴出来就会不翼而飞 于是 他想出一个办法 于某年除夕前数天 挥笔写下一副内容不吉利的春联 福无重享 祸不单行 然后把它贴于门上 人们看了 都不敢去剥它 到了除夕深夜 爆竹喧天迎新岁时 王羲之在春联上下各加 个字 成了一副内容相反的吉祥语 福无重享今朝享 祸不单行昨夜行 40 清朝乾隆某日与纪晓岚外出郊游 看见花丛里的蝴蝶蹁跹飞舞 随口说 两蝶逗 纪晓岚以为乾隆出句要他对 立即答 一鸥游 乾隆才想起对联游戏 便有意为难纪晓岚说 你答非所问 我讲的是 两蝶豆 呀 纪晓岚说 皇上听错了 我对的是 一瓯油 两人互相狡黠地笑起来 乾隆又说 花间两蝶逗 纪晓岚立即对 水上一鸥游 无论谐音 变字 加字 都难不住纪晓岚 乾隆说 纪卿真乃天才 纪晓岚说 小臣谢皇上过奖 41 某日 两位对联爱好者约定互相对联句 并商议以加字对 甲说 遊远道 并指明须用同一部首相对 否则算输 乙思量片刻即对道 遇迷途 甲说 对得妙 随即加两字在前变作 逍遥遊远道 乙并不示弱 道 邂逅遇迷途 甲说 果然了得 好 又加两字 逐迹逍遥遊远道 乙深思一阵便答道 逢迒邂逅遇迷途 甲问 迒 作何解 乙道 凡野兽走过的路叫 迒 喻荒郊野岭的去处 甲说 我从后面加字给你对 沐浴 乙道 澄清 甲说 澄清浊浪污流 乙道 沐浴汪洋瀚海 他们来一个交换加字对 两人双赢 互相翘起拇指哈哈大笑 结束了这个颇有难度的文字游戏 42 3 4Displacement Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolize 表达 objects eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent intimeandspace atthemomentofcommunication Thus wecanrefertoConfucius ortheNorthPole eventhoughthefirsthasbeendeadforover2550yearsandthesecondissituatedfarawayfromus 43 Animalcommunicationisnormallyunder immediatestimuluscontrol Forinstance awarningcryofabirdinstantlyannouncesdanger Humanlanguageisstimulus free Whatwearetalkingaboutneednotbetriggeredbyanyexternalstimulusintheworldoranyinternalstate stimulus刺激物 激励物 促进因素triggered触发的external外面的internal内部的 44 Thehoneybee sdanceexhibitsdisplacementalittlebit hecanrefertoasourceoffood whichisremoteintimeandspacewhenhereportsonit Adogcannottellpeoplethatitsmasterwillbehomeinafewdays Ourlanguageenablesustocommunicateaboutthingsthatdonotexistordonotyetexist honeybee蜜蜂remote微小的 轻微的 45 Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingusthepowertohandlegeneralizations 普通化 andabstractions 抽象化 Oncewecantalkaboutphysicallydistantthing weacquiretheabilitytounderstandconceptswhichdenote 为 的名称 non things suchastruthandbeauty 46 4 Originoflanguage The Divine 神的 origin InthebeginningwastheWord andtheWordwaswithGod andtheWordwasGod 词是世界之源 词与主同在 词就是主 Gospel John1 1 福音书 约翰 47 AndtheLordsaid Behold thepeopleisone andtheyhaveallonelanguage andthistheybegintodo andnownothingwillberestrainedfromthem whichtheyhaveimaginedtodo Genesis 11 6 Thesepiecesofscriptureseemtosuggestsomemysteriousoriginofthelanguage 48 Today thepeopleoftheworldusemorethan6 000differentlanguagesandinnumerable 无数的 dialects Howistheunitygone ThetowerofBabel通天塔 49 Thewholeearthhadonelanguageandwasofonespeech Astheymigrated 迁移 fromtheeast ithappenedthattheyfoundaplaininthelandofShinar andtheysettledthere Theysaidonetoanother Come let smakebricks andbakethemthoroughly Genesis11 1 3 50 51 Yahwehcamedowntoseethecityandthetowerwhichthesonsofmankindwerebuilding 52 53 54 55 FromthereYahwehscattered 分撒 themabroadacrossthefaceoftheearth 56 Andtheystoppedbuildingthecity 57 Thatiswhyit swascalledBabel becausethereYahwehconfusedthelanguageofalltheearth Fromthere Yahwehscatteredthemabroadacrossfaceoftheearth 58 4 1The bow wow theory啵喔理论 Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat Onomatopoeic 拟声的 wordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence 59 4 2The pooh pooh theory噗噗理论 Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors theyutter 说 instinctive 本能的 soundsofpain angerandjoy Asforevidence wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections 感叹词 Whatmakesthetheoryproblematicisthatthereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages Besides interjectionssuchasOh Ah Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence 60 4 3The yo he ho theory哟嗨哟理论 Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether theyproducedsomerhythmic 有节奏的 grunts 咕哝着说 whichgraduallydevelopedintochants 吟颂 咏诗 andthenintolanguage Wedohaveprosodic 作诗法的 useofrhythmsinlanguages butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation 61 Theby now 到如今 fruitless 没有成果的 searchfortheoriginoflanguagesreflectspeople sconcernwiththeoriginofhumanityandmaycomeupwithenlighteningfindingsinfuture enlighten启发 开导Onethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolves 演变 进化 withinspecifichistorical socialandculturalcontexts 62 5 Functionsoflanguage Linguiststalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguageinanabstractsense thatis notintermsofusinglanguagetochat tothink tobuyandsell toreadandwrite togreet praiseandcondemnpeople etc condemn谴责 责备 处刑 宣布 不能使用Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguage 63 ForJakobson languageisaboveallforcommunication Whileformanypeople thepurposeofcommunicationisreferential 指代的 forhim andthePragueschoolstructuralists布拉格结构主义派学者 referenceisnottheonly noteventheprimarygoalofcommunication 64 sixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent namely 即 也就是 Speaker发话人 addressee受话人 context语境 message信息 code语码 contact接触 Inconjunctionwiththese Jakobsonestablishedawell knownframework 构架 结构 oflanguagefunctionsbasedonthesixkeyelementsofcommunication namely 65 Referential所指功能 toconveymessageandinformation Poetic诗歌功能 toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake Emotive感情功能 toexpressattitudes feelingsandemotions Conative意动功能 topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests Phatic寒暄功能 toestablishcommunionwithothers Metalingual元语言功能 toclearupintentionsandmeanings 66 67 Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage 元语言功能 thatis languagehasideational概念 interpersonal人际andtextual语篇functions Ideationalfunctionconstructsamodelofexperienceaswellaslogicalrelations interpersonalfunctionenactssocialrelationships Textualfunctioncreatesrelevance 关联 tocontext 68 Inhisearlierworks Hallidayproposedsevencategoriesoflanguagefunctionsbyobservingchildlanguagedevelopment Instrumental工具功能Regulatory控制功能Representational表达功能Interactional互动功能Personal自指性功能Heuristic教导功能Imaginative想象功能 69 Stillotherclassificationsemploy 使用 differentcategoriesandusedifferentterms butallsharealotincommonaboutthebasicfunctionsoflanguage Belowisasummaryofthemajorfunctionsoflanguage 70 5 1Informativefunction信息功能 Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisite 前提 先决条件 ofsocialdevelopment Theinformativefunctionisindeedacrucial 决定性的 紧要关头的 functionoflanguage Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar 71 Hallidaynotesthat Languageservesfortheexpressionof content thatis ofthespeaker sexperienceoftherealworld includingtheinnerworldofhisownconsciousness Inservingthisfunction languagealsogivesstructuretoexperience andhelpstodetermineourwayoflookingatthings sothatitrequiressomeintellectualefforttoseetheminanyotherwaythanthatwhichourlanguagesuggeststous 72 5 2Interpersonalfunction人际功能 Byfarthemostimportantsociological 社会学的 useoflanguage andbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety Intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar theinterpersonalfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout 73 Forexample thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves e g DearSir DearProfessor Johnny yours yourobedientservant indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations 74 Attachedtotheinterpersonalfunctionisitsfunctionofexpressingidentity Forexample thechantingofacrowdatafootballmatch theshoutingofnamesorslogansatpublicmeetings thestage managedaudiencereactionstoTVgameshowsTheyallsignalwhoweareandwherewebelong 75 Languagemarksouridentity physicallyintermsofage sex andvoiceprints psychologicallyintermsoflanguage personalityandintelligence geographicallyintermsofaccentsanddialects ethnicallyandsociallyintermsofsocialstratification 分层 class status role solidarity 团结 anddistance 76 Theinterpersonalfunctionissuchabroadcategorythatitisoftendiscussedundervariousothertermsasinthefollowingperformative emotive expressiveandphaticfunctionsoflanguage Theyseemtoemphasizedifferentaspectsoftheinterpersonalfunction 77 5 3Performativefunction施为功能 ThisconceptoriginatesfromthephilosophicalstudyoflanguagerepresentedbyAustinandSearle whosetheorynowformstheback bone 骨干 ofpragmatics Chapter8 Forexample Inowdeclarethemeetingopen Ibetyoutwopoundsitwillraintomorrow 78 Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons asinmarriageceremonies thesentencing 宣判 ofcriminals theblessingofchildren thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony andthecursingofenemies Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized程序化 79 Forexample inChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay岁岁平安asameansofcontrollingtheinvisibleforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlivesadversely 反对地 Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions 80 5 4Emotivefunction情感功能 Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress e g swearwords诅咒 obscenities说脏话 involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartorscenery conventionalwords phrases e g God My Damnit Whatasight Wow Ugh Oh 81 Itisalsodiscussedunderthetermexpressivefunction Theexpressivefunctioncanoftenbeentirelypersonalandtotallywithoutanyimplicationofcommunicationtoothers Forexample amanmaysayOuch 哎呦 afters