英语人教版八年级下册Unit 10 Section A Grammar focu.doc

Unit 10 Ive had this bike for three years. Section A Grammar focus 4c学习目标： 知识目标掌握现在完成时的用法 能力目标1. 正确区分现在完成时与一般过去时2. 正确运用for 和since的用法 情感目标教育学生正确处理并充分利用自己的废旧物品，培养学生的动手能力、勤俭节约的生活习惯和环保意识。 教学重难点1. 现在完成时与一般过去时2. for 和since的用法3. 延续性动词与终止性动词的用法 学习过程Step 1 Group work 出示下面的典型例句，让学生们先自己观察句子结构，对比现在完成时和一般过去时的不同。1. How long have you had that bike over there? Ive had it for three years. 2. How long has his son owned the train and railway set? Hes owned it since his fourth birthday. 3. Have you ever played football? Yes, I did when I was little, but I havent played for a while now.Step 2 语法精讲点拨现在完成时现在完成时的用法：现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, just, yet, ever, never, before连用。already, just, ever, never常用于助动词后过去分词前，before常用于句末，yet常用于否定句或疑问句句末。 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 现在完成时动作虽然发生在过去，但强调的是现在的情况，它属于现在范围的时态，不能与表示过去的时间连用。而一般过去时只表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与过去时间连用，与现在无联系。出现过去的时间状语，如yesterday, last year, three days ago等就要用一般过去时，谓语用过去式，而不能用现在完成时。如： I have found my book. I found it this morning. The visitors have left. They left just now.现在完成时表示从过去开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与包括现在在内的一段时间（如for + 时间段 / since + 过去的时间点 / so far / in the last two months/these years等）连用。谓语动词必须用延续性动词，终止性动词（肯定式）不能与包括现在在内的一段时间连用。 延续性动词与终止性动词 英语中表示动作的动词，按其动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示动作或状态可以持续一段时间，可与时间段连用，如work, stand, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, read, sleep, live, sing, stay等；终止性动词表示动作不能持续，也就是说动作一发生就结束，不能与时间段连用，如die, arrive, close, come, go, fall, leave, lose, give, finish, join, open, begin, stop, borrow, buy, catch, become, jump, get up, wake up等。因此，若要表示动作或状态持续时，必须用延续性动词；若要表示一时性动作时，则必须用终止性动词。（1）用“时间段 + ago”短语替换“时间段”，并把现在完成时改为一般过去时。如：误：He has come here for two weeks. 正：He came here two weeks ago.（2）用“It is / It has been + 时间段 + since从句 ”或“时间段 + has passed + since 从句”两种句型（“since 从句”用终止性动词的一般过去时）。如：误：They have left for Hong Kong for two days.正：Its two days since they left for Hong Kong. / Two days has passed since they left for Hong Kong.（3）把终止性动词（词组）改为表示状态的“be + 表语”结构用于现在完成时。如：误：The old man has died for ten days. 正：The old has been dead for ten days.常见的这类终止性动词的变化情况如：come-be here, go-be there, come / go to-be in / at, come back-be back, go out-be out, leave-be away from, die-be dead, get up-be up, wake up-be awake, marry-be married, fall asleep-be asleep, go to bed-be in bed , begin / start-be on, finish-be over, join-be in, open-be open, close-be closed等。(4)把终止性动词改为与其意义相近的延续性动词。如：误：Tom has borrowed the book for a week. 正：Tom has kept the book for a week.常见的这类终止性动词的变化情况如：borrow-keep, buy-have, become-be, put on-wear, catch a cold-have a cold, go to bed-sleep, get to know-know等。Step 3 4a Rewrite the sentences using for or since1. Jim is in Japan. He arrived there three years ago.Jim has been in Japan for three years.2. They are very hungry. Their last meal was ten hours ago. They have been hungry for ten hours/since ten hours ago.3. I have a camera. I bought it in 2009. I have had a camera since 2009.4. I know Ann. I first met her three years ago. I have known Ann for three years/since three years ago.5. Linda is ill. She became ill on Monday. Linda has been ill since Monday.Step 4 4b Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs in brackets.1. I _ (never be) to the water park before. I want to _ (go) next month before the weather gets too cold.2. They _ (never own) any pets, but they _ (always want) to have a dog.3. We _ (have) a piano since last November. We _ (buy) it from the Li family when they moved to the US last year.4. Cathy and Amy _ (not be) back to their hometown for two years. They _ (miss) their hometown a lot and hope to visit the place next year.5. This museum _ (be) here for over 20 years. It _ (be) one of the oldest buildings in this small town.Step 5 Group work4c Fill in the questions and ask two students. Then complete the chart.1. Do you have a(n) _? How long have you had it?2. Do you own a(n)_? How long h