Grammar 现在分词.doc

Grammar V-ing 形式 2013-10-10一. The V-ing from as Subject & Object (称为动名词)Different Forms of V-ing形式 主 动被 动一般式doing being done完成式having donehaving been doneI. V ing作主语动名词(短语)做主语往往表示经常性/习惯性的动作。 用法如下 ：1.直接置于句首充当句子主语 e.g. Seeing is believing.1）作主语时，不定式与动名词一般可以通用。2）表示一种普遍性的事情或一种经验和体会，一般用动名词作主语3）表示具体动作（指句中有具体的时间、频率、地点、方式状语）或将来的动作用不定式作主语。 (例句见书后语法介绍和必修四Unit2 )2 以It 作形式主语 It is / was + adj./n. +doing sth.动名词做主语和不定式做主语一样，也可以用it作形式主语。特别注意一些只能用V-ing的句型：It is/was worth doingIt is a waste of time doing It is a waste of time arguing about it. Its no good/use/need doing . 做 是没益处/没用/ 没必要的 e.g. Its no use waiting here. It is no need telling her the news. 区别：There is no need _ her the news. There is no need to do sth 干没必要There be no+ v-ing结构 There is no sense in doing sth. 做没有道理。There is no point （in） doing sth 做没有意义。There is no good/use in doing sth. 做没有好处/用处。There is nothing worse than doing sth 没有比更糟糕的。There is no joking about sth. 某事不是开玩笑的。II. V-ing 作宾语1. V-ing 做动词宾语e.g. I have just finished _ my home work. A. to do B. doing C.being done D. done常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:考虑建议盼原谅，consider, suggest / advise ,look forward to， excuse ,pardon ,forgive承认推迟没得想，admit, delay / put off/postpone , fancy 避免错过继续练，avoid , miss ,keep /keep on , practice 否认完成想要赏，deny , finish , feel like,enjoy / appreciate 不禁介意准逃亡，cant help , mind , allow/ permit ,escape不准冒险凭想象 forbid , risk , imagine (例句见书后语法介绍和必修四Unit2)2.V-ing做介词宾语1）. He drove away without _ good-by. A. saying B. to say C. says D. said2）. He hasnt got used to _ in a big city. A. live B. living C. lived D. lives介词后通常+ V-ing 构成介宾结构，to作介词的短语归纳：be/get/becomeusedto习惯于 berelatedto与有关系beaddictedto沉溺于；对上瘾 beopposedto反对devoteoneselfto献身于；专心于 bedevotedto致力于；忠诚于beadmittedto被录取；准进入 bereducedto沦为beattachedto附属于；喜欢；依恋 beadjustedto适应beknownto为所知 bemarriedto和结婚besentencedto被判处 beconnectedto和连在一起beexposedto暴露于；遭受 becomparedto被比喻成compare A to B把比作 beengagedto与订婚be/become/getaccustomedto习惯于 leadto导致getdownto着手做objectto反对；不赞成lookforwardto盼望 payattentionto注意 stickto坚持 attendto专心；注意；照料；seeto负责；注意 makecontributionsto对作贡献contributeto对作贡献；有助于 applyoneselfto致力于replyto回答 addto增加inadditionto除之外 turnto转向；求助于 accustomoneselfto使自己习惯于 setanexampleto给树立榜样referto谈到；参考；查阅 prefer doingto doing 喜欢而不喜欢turnablindeyeto对视而不见 thekeyto做某事的关键turnadeafearto对充耳不闻helponeselfto随便用/吃喝putanendto结束 asto关于；至于inrelationto关于；就而论 accordingto根据3. 后跟动名词和跟不定式意义不同forget, regret, remember后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。 go on doing继续做原来做的事 go on to do接着做另一件事mean doing意味着 mean to do打算做stop doing停止做某事 stop to do停下（手头的事）做另外的事try doing试着做某事 try to do努力/尽力做某事be used to doing习惯于做某事 be used to do被用来做某事cant help doing禁不住做某事 cant help (to) do不能帮助做某事1） Lets have a rest Not nowI dont want to stop _ yet A. study B. to study C. for studying D. studying 2） Let me tell you something about the journalists Dont you remember _ me the story yesterday？ A. told B. telling C. to tell D. to have told 3）The word boycott means (A. to refuse / B. refusing) to have anything to do with something or somebody4. allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动词-ing作宾语， 如果有名词或代词作宾语，则构成“allowadviseforbidpermit 名词代词不定式（宾语补足语）”之形式 doing We dont allow_ here sb. to do We dont allow anybody_ hereNobody is allowed _ (smoke) here. 5. 动词need, want, require后面接doing可以表示被动 Want/ need / require doing = to be done 需要被 Your hair wants_.你的头发该理了。The floor requires_. 地板需要冲洗。 The house needs _(修理). V-ing 的否定形式动词-ing形式的否定形式是在其前面加not，带有逻辑主语时not也是紧跟动词-ing之前。如：Not cleaning her teeth made her smell bad.Your schoolmates not coming home in time made her parents worried. 注意： sbs + v-ing用形容词性物主代词/名词所有格 做 v-ing 的逻辑主语,表示某人的某个行为，状况等。Excersice：1. It took the workmen only two hours to finish _ my car. A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired2. Have you forgotten _$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bringC. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing3. The classroom needs _. A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning4. Jack said that he wouldnt mind _ for us. A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited5. My brother keeps _ me with my work. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped6. We should often practise _ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking7. Keep on _ and you will succeed. A. a try B. try C. tried D. trying8. His parents insist on _ to college. A. he should go B. he go C. his going D. him to go9. The story was so funny that we _. A.couldnt help laugh B. cant but laugh C. couldnt help laughing D. couldnt help but to laugh10. Though it sounds a bit too expensive, it is worth _. A. being bought B. buying C. to buy D. buying it11. He devoted his life to _ the atomic theory. A. study B. be studied C. studying D. have studied12. We are both looking forward to _ next week. A. going on vocation(休假) B. go on vocation C. be going on vocation D. have gone on vocation13. You must pay attention to _ the works of Lu Xun. A. read B. reading C. reader D. be read14. You should work tonight instead of _ TV. A. to watch B. you watching C. you watch D. watching15. The microscope is used for_ minute (微小的) objects. A. examining B. being examined C. examined D. examine16. Mike has got used _ up late at night. (stay up) A. to sit B. / C. to sitting D. sitting17. Once the heart stops _, death follows at once. A. beating B. to beat C. being beaten D. to be beating18. We are now busy _ for the examination. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. being prepared19. I remembered _ this person somewhere before. A. seeing B. having been seen C. seen D. to see20. I regret _ that to her. A. having said B. to have said C. to say D. /. v-ing形式作表语(1) 动名词作表语，说明主语的内容，指一般性、经常性的动作。 (例句见书后语法介绍)(2) 现在分词作表语，相当于形容词，说明主语的性质；可有比较形式，亦可被very等副词所修饰。如：He was very amusing. 他很有趣。 His words are encouraging. Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比溜冰更刺激。The film we saw last night is quite moving.常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing,disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。全析提示：（1）动名词作表语和主语是等值关系，两者有时可以互换，句子意思不变；动名词后面可以接宾语、状语。（2）现在分词作表语和主语不是对等关系，现在分词后面不能接宾语，但它前面可以有修饰性的副词，如very, rather等。 动词-ing形式作定语(1) 动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的功能，用途；被修饰的名词与动名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；可用“名词+for+动名词”来表达；动名词通常只能位于所修饰的名词前。如：a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming) 游泳池a walking stick (=a stick for walking) 手杖We must improve our working method. They set up an operating table in a small temple.(2) 现在分词作定语表示性质、特征、状态或动作；被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上有主谓关系；可换成定语从句来表达；单个的现在分词作定语，常置于被修饰的名词的前面；现在分词短语作定语，须置于被修饰名词的后面。如：Nobody can stop the running horse (=the horse that is running). (horse与running在逻辑上有主谓关系)I know the man standing there (=who is standing there.). (the man与standing there在逻辑上有主谓关系)China is a developing country. The student making the experiment is our monitor.全析提示：1.动名词短语不能作定语，单个的动名词可以用作定语，但仅作前置定语。2. 单个分词和分词短语都可作定语，单个分词一般作前置定语，分词短语则作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。(例句见书后语法介绍和必修四Unit3) 动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语(1) 动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语，宾语与补足语有主动关系，表示“动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中）”。如：She caught them stealing her apples. 她撞见他们偷她的苹果。(them与stealing有主动关系；在“撞见”时，正在偷) （2）现在分词作宾补的用法特征：1. 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, smell 等+ sb./sth. +doing 动词-ing形式作补语表正在进行 We saw a light burning in the window. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. Can you smell anything burning? As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously.2. 使役动词leave, have, keep,get等也常用动词-ing形式作宾补，表示“使/让某人/物正在或一直做某事” Im sorry to have kept you waiting. I cant get the clock going again.3. find/ catch + sb. +doing 发现/ 撞见某人正在做4. 动词-ing形式作宾补时句子可以变为被动语态的句子，这时动词-ing形式就在被动句中成了主语补足语，说明主语正在进行动词-ing形式的动作。5. 介词with也可接动词-ing形式作宾补，此时with后的宾语是动词-ing形式动作的发出者。 with sb./sth. doing 及时运用:1. Though I have often heard this song _, I have never heard you _ it.A. being sung; sang B. sang; singing C. sung; sing D. to be sung; to sing2. It was so cold that they kept the fire _ all night.A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned3. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to putD. putting4. Did you meet anyone _ at the party?No, in fact, I found the party rather _.A. interesting; boring B. interested; boringC. interesting; bored D. interested; bored5. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off.A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing6. Dont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run7. The _ boy was last seen _ near the East Lake.A. missing; playing B. missing; playC. missed; played D. missed; to play8. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked9. Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down.A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled10. I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt 动词-ing形式用作状语v-ing形式作状语时，用于修饰某动词或整个句子，所表示的动作与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。v-ing形式作状语时，可以单独使用，也可以在其前加上when，while，after，if，unless，although，though等连词，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随、方式等。一、V-ing的时态和语态下表以动词do为例说明现在分词的时态和语态的不同变化形式及其否定式的构成： 语态时态主动式被动式肯定式否定式肯定式否定式一般式doingnot doingbeing donenot being done完成式having donenot having donehaving been donenot having been done1.现在分词的一般式表示该动作在与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后发生，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前，在句中只能作状语表示时间和原因。如：Standingontopofthehill,youcanseeasfarastheseaside.(分词动作与谓语动作同时发生)Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leavingonlybones.(分词动作在谓语动作之后发生)Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywentouttoplayfootball.(分词动作在谓语动作之前发生)HavingturnedofftheTVset,hebagantodohishomework.2.现在分词的主动式表示动作是由句子主语发出，而被动式表明主语承受该动作。如：Beingnoticedbysomanypeople,shefeltnervous,notknowingwhattosay.Beinghelpedbytheteacher,shewilllearnEnglishwell.Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretakentoseethelibrary.Havingbeentranslatedintomanylanguages,thebookwaswidelyreadallovertheworld.3.现在分词的否定式是在一般式和完成式的前面加not(never)。注意完成式的否定式应将not(never)加在have前。如：Nothavingheardfromhersonforalongtime,themotherworriedagreatdeal.Nothavingbeenwashedinthecorrectway,thecoathasfaded.二、现在分词可以与when,while,if,though等连词使用。如：Whendoingyourhomework,youmustntlistentothemusic.Thoughhavingbeenwarnedmanytimes,shegottoschoollateagain.Whilereadingthebook,shenoddedfromtimetotime.三、v-ing形式作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。Rushingintothedining-room,supperwaswaitingforme.（X）Rushingintothedining-room,Ifoundsupperwaswaitingforme.Whilevisitingastrangecity,aguide-bookisveryhelpful.（X）Whilevisitingastrangecity,youmayfindaguide-bookveryhelpful.四、当现在分词的逻辑主语不是句中主语时，可以带有自己的主语-名词或代词主格。这样的结构属于独立主格结构，有时前面还可加介词with构成复合结构。Springcomingon,thetreesturnedgreen.Hermotherbeingill,shehadtolookafterherathome.Timepermitting,wellvisittheGreatWall.Heguidingtheblindman,theywalkedslowlyacrossthestreet.Weatherpermitting,wewillgooutforapicnicnextSunday.Withsomanypeoplelookingather,thegirlfeltnervous.五.固定结构：v-ing形式可以作独立成分，表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度。如：Judgingfromhisappearance,hemustbeaveryhealthyboy.Generallyspeaking,boysaremoreactivethangirlsinsports.Generallyspeaking,hisanswerisright.Consideringeverything,theydidagoodjob.六、V-ing形式作状语时，可以用相应的状语从句替代，从句谓语必须用主动语态。Seeingthepicture,IcouldnthelpthinkingofthedaysinAmerica.(=WhenIsawthepicture,I)Whilereadingthebook,shenoddedfromtimetotime.（=Whileshewasreadingthebook,shenoddedfromtimetotime.）Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.(=AsIamastudent,Imuststudyhard.)Notknowinghowtodoit,heaskedtheteacherforhelp.(=Ashedidntknowhowtodoit,heaskedtheteacherforhelp.)由于不知道如何干，他请老师帮助。Meetinganywhereelse,wewouldnthaverecognizedeachother.(=Ifwehadmetanywhereelse,wewouldnthaverecognizedeachother.)如果是在别处见面，我们彼此会认不出来的七、现在分词与动词不定式做结果状语的区别甘肃省通渭县寺子中学 朱建民【关键词】现在分词；动词不定式； 结果状语请看下面这道高考题：(NMET1998) European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sports in the world.A. making B. makesC. made D. to make所给答案为A。但为什么不能选呢？D解析：这道题主要是考查分词和不定式的不同用法。正如大家所说，不定式和现在分词一样，也可以作结果状语，但是两者的用法是不同的。现略述如下，请高三考生详读。不定式作结果状语大家较为熟悉，尤其是在下列常见的句型中：1. Would you be so kind as to lend me your new bike ?请你把你的新自行车借给我，好吗？2. The ice is thick enough to walk on.冰厚得可以在上面步行。3. Thats much too heavy for you to lift.那太重，你拎不动。此外，不定式还可以表示一个随后发生的动作，这个不定式短语的功能也是结果状语。4. He got home to learn that his father was ill.他回到家中，得知他父亲病了。有时为了强调，可以在不定式短语前加only。5. Tom got to the station only to find the train had gone.汤姆到达车站，却发现火车已经开走了。6. Marry hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.玛丽匆忙赶了回来，结果却发现她母亲在医院里奄奄一息。从上例可知，不定式做结果状语通常表示的是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果。现在我们再来看几个用现在分词作结果状语的例子，注意一下它和不定式做结果状语在用法上有什么区别：7. His parents died , leaving him an orphan.父亲去世了，（结果）他成为孤儿。8. It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。9. He cut off the electricity quickly, preventing an accident.他迅速切断了电源，防止了一起意外事故。10. He watered the flowers in the garden more often, only making things worse.他更为经常地给花园里的花浇水，结果反而更糟。从上面四个例句中我们可以看得出来，作为结果状语的现在分词短语所表示的都是谓语动词的直接结果，是意料中的结果。“他成为孤儿”是“父母双亡”是直接结果；“洪水泛滥”是“大雨滂沱”后意料中的结果；“防止了事故”是“切断电源”的直接结果；而“园中花木反而更糟”当然是违背植物生长规律，“浇水过勤过多”的自然而然的结果。这些皆不同于4、5和6中不定式短语所表示的结果未曾预料到的结果。现在，我们再看这道高考题：11. European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sports in the world.有80个国家踢欧式足球，这使得它成为世界上最流行的体育活动。欧式足球成为世界上最流行的体育活动是众多国家踢欧式足球是直接的意料中的自然而然的结果，决非是出乎意料之外的事。因此，这道题答案只能是A,不可选D.Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil.边学边练:1.Dontsitthere_nothingatall.Comeandhelpmewiththistable.A.doB.todoC.doingD.anddoing2.Thesnowstormleft,_alotofdamagetosouthernChina.A.causedB.tohavecausedC.tocauseD.havingcaused3.Heglancedoverather,_thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogether.A.notingB.notedC.tonoteD.havingnoted4._inawhiteuniform，helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.A.DressedB.TodressC.DressingD.Havingdressed5.Themanager,_itcleartousthathedidntagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.A.whohasmadeB.havingmadeC.madeD.making1.C2.D3.A4.A5.B整体练习1. Alien said that his trip was _.A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest2. Some peoples greatest pleasure is _ . A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing3. Remember _ the book, when you have finished it. A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back4. You didnt hear us come back last night. Thats good. We tried _ noisy. A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being5.Youll regret _ those words. You may hurt her feelings. A. say B. to say C. having said D. to have said6. We are looking forward to _ another chanc