Aspen_石油炼制60问_翻译.docx

1. Aspen Plus does not generate distillation curves for a stream containing 4 pseudo-components. Why?To generate a distillation curve, a stream must contain at least 5 pseudo-components of non-zero flow to generate distinctive data points at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70, 90%.% K: Q7 G q* , Aspen 为什么不能生成一个物流中包含4个蒸馏点的虚拟组分的蒸馏曲线？; o+ V6 f2 L答：生成一个蒸馏曲线，一个虚拟组分必须至少包含5个非零蒸馏数据，分别是：10%, 30%, 50%, 70, 90%2. For streams with significant amount of light components, the calculated Reid vapor pressure is usually off. Why is that? Are there any guidelines for using Reid vapor pressure?对一个含有大量轻组分的物流，为什么通常计算雷德蒸汽压通常会失败？是否有关于使用雷德蒸汽压的一些指导？Reid vapor pressure is the absolute pressure exerted by a mixture (in pounds per square inch)determined at 100 F and at a vapor-to-liquid volume ratio of 4 (ASTM Method D 323). RVP is intended for characterizing the volatility of gasoline and crude oil, with a typical range of 1 to 20 psia. Out of this range,the accuracy may be poor. Therefore, RDV should not be applied to very light or very heavy streams.雷德蒸汽压是一个混合物在100F温度和气-液比为4的时候的绝对压力（磅每平方英寸）。雷德蒸汽压是用于表征1-20psia范围内汽油和原油的相对挥发度。当超出这个范围后，准确性可能不佳。因此，雷德蒸汽压不适用非常轻或非常重的物流。3. How is the Reid vapor pressure calculated in ASPEN PLUS?在Aspen中怎样计算雷德蒸汽压？The Reid vapor pressure is vapor pressure of liquid at 100 F, as measured according to ASTM D-323 procedures. Aspen Plus simulates these procedures by a series of flash as follows:雷德蒸汽压是液体在100F温度下的蒸汽压力，按照ASTM D-323方法测定。i. Check if N2 or O2 is present; if so, determine their index values.检查氮气或氧气存在，如果是这样，确定其指数值。ii. Setup to the ideal gas option-set (sysop0).设置理想气体设置选项（sysop0）iii. Calculate volume for AIR at 32 and 100 Degree F, 1 atm.计算体积空气在32-100F，1大气压下。iv. Determine bubble point pressure of the liquid stream at 100 F.确定液体在100F的泡点压力。v. Saturate the liquid with air at 32 degree F.饱和液体在空气中32F。vi. Mix liquid with 4 vol% equivalent of air and flash at 100 F under constant volume.混合液体占有4%空气体积并且在100F下定容闪蒸。vii. If calculated Reid vapor pressure. is greater than 26 psi repeat w/o air saturation.如果计算雷德蒸汽压，The Reid vapor pressure as measured by the ASTM D-323 differs from the true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air. Reid vapor pressure is often used to determine the appropriate type of storage tank (cone roof or floating roof) for petroleum stocks with undefined components.雷德蒸汽压不同于样品的实际蒸汽压，因为一些微量组分蒸汽压和水、空气的存在。雷德蒸汽压经常用来决定石油储存储罐的类型（锥顶罐、浮顶罐）。4. What is the difference between Prop-Set REIDVP, RVP-ASTM, and RVP?在Prop-Set REIDVP, RVP-ASTM, and RVP之间有什么不同？The Prop-sets REIDVP and RVP-ASTM are identical. Both are kept for upward compatibility, and can be requested like any other Prop-set. RVP, however, is available only if you define a petroleum property curve for the Reid vapor pressure in the ASSAY.PROP-Curve form, by providing a table of Mid-Percent distilled vs. Reid vapor pressure values.Prop-sets REIDVP 和RVP-ASTM是一致的。他们都保持向上兼容性，并且能够接受任何Prop-set的请求。雷德蒸汽压是唯一可以得到的在你仅仅在assay中定义一个石油蒸馏曲线时。特性曲线形式，通过提供中间馏分雷德蒸汽压值。5. Aspen calculated API gravity is quite different from that of PRO II in some cases. What is the method used in Aspen Plus and what are the assumptions/limitations?Aspen计算API度与PRO II是不同的。Aspen中运用的是什么方法，采用什么样的假设或限制？The API Liquid Volume model implemented in Aspen Plus uses the following eqution:Aspen中使用的API液体体积模型如下：Vm = Xp Vp + Xr VrWhereV = liquid molar volume液体摩尔体积- X+ ?% k2 T R8 l3 W5 W; p/ N8 RX = liquid mole fraction液体摩尔分数Y t8 |# s* z* ; T+ whm = mixture混合物7 S3 E? Z! % ?+ |2 % S/ qp = pseudocomponents虚拟组分7 z# o% M. j+ Vr = real components真实组分* |- N t; n$ C2 M# X4 N9 kVp (for pseudocomponent liquid mixture) is calculated using a correlation based on API Figure 6A3.5 (API Technical Data Book, 4th edition).Vp（表示虚拟组分液体混合物）; Q$ G9 L W# w$ q8 jVr (for real component liquid mixture) is caculated by the mixture Rachett model.& Y E) H# L1 ! p7 n8 T% b- AThe variations in petroleum liquid density results are often caused by the number of cuts generated.石油液体密度结果的变化通常是由切割组分的数量导致的。Increasing the number of cuts or reducing the cut temperature intervals may improve the accuracy. Refer to Solution 103736 for more details.增加切割组分数量或则减少切割温度间隔可以提高准确性。参照103736可以得到更多的帮助。When multiple assays are present, the way they are blended could also affect the liquid density calculation. The choices include generating:当多个assays混合时，切割数量也会影响液体密度的计算结果。同样会影响以下数据的计算结果：one common pseudocomponent set for all assays一个共同的虚拟组分集对所有的assayone pseudocomponent set for each assay一个虚拟组分集对各自的assaysome combinations of assays and blends一些assay和blend的组合Refer to Solution 103921 for more about one versus multiple pseudocomponent sets.6. How is assay broken into pseudo-components?怎样分析虚拟组分？Assay is broken into pseudo-components based on the number of cuts on the True Boiling Point (TBP) curve. 分析虚拟组分基于实沸点直馏曲线切组分的数量。The middle point of each cut is used as the boiling point of that cut.每个切割中间点作为这个切割组分的沸点。By default, Aspen Plus generates 40 pseudo-components using the following cut temperatures:在默认情况下，Aspen 生产40个虚拟组分用于切割：TBP Range (F) No. of Cuts Increments (F)( T1 c3 A3 G3 & V 实沸点范围切割组分数量温度递增量 e+ y8 H7 v: f$ e+ I Y100 - 8002825% q5 J3 F9 h1 q5 U: a2 P. l h, 800 - 12008508 l! J8 V; j7 M) K. 2 x# k8 U, ( x% p1200 - 16004100$ Q& / 3 S: 1 a- h1 ?% i2 ? User can change the default settings under Components, ADA Characterization, Generation.用户可以改变默认值，通过Components-ADA Characterization-Generation选型卡中进行。7. Can users access Aspen Plus generated pseudo-components like real components? Users would like to access pseudo-component properties, such as Tc, Pc, Vc, API gravity, SG, and MW. Currently they are listed in the external report file。用户能否像了解真实组分一样去了解虚拟组分的物性，例如临界温度、临界压力、临界体积、api度、sg和分子量？通常这些参数在外部报告中列出。No. Only a limited number of pseudo-component property parameters are reported as results in GUI.User cannot alter what to report. To access and change pseudo-component property parameters, use user property model subroutines.不行，仅仅有限的虚拟组分参数会在报告列表中给出。用户不能改变报告什么。若要访问和更改虚拟组分的属性参数，用户使用“用户模块”子程序。8. How does Aspen handle petroleum properties among pseudo-components? For example, if only bulk sulfur content is given, how does Aspen distribute it to pseudo-components?Aspen怎样处理虚拟组分的石油属性？例如，如果仅给出总硫含量，Aspen怎样给出硫在虚拟组分中的分布。Petroleum properties are treated as component attributes and attached to pseudo-components. When a property curve is given, the distribution of the property is based on the curve. When only a bulk property is given, it is evenly distributed among all pseudo-components.石油属性被视为组分的属性并附加到虚拟组分。当给定一个属性曲线，则属性的分配基于属性曲线。当只有一个笼统属性给出时，那么将平均的分配给虚拟组分。9. How does Aspen Plus calculate motor and research octane number?Aspen是如何计算MON和RON？Octane number is calculated from the Octane curve entered with the assay. There are four (4)property-sets for Octane number:i. MOC-NO - Motor octane number! + W, s; d: Pii. MOCNCRC - Motor octane number curve5 , X m! q& w; K8 D% L6 Siii. ROC-NO - Research octane number2 b; : T+ D* m6 U1 p) * P8 ziv. ROCNCRV - Research octane number curve$ y, l7 N) w( u+ 3 b& n X! R10. What is the difference between match and not-match light ends?匹配轻烃和不匹配轻烃有什么不同？Light-ends (gases) are typically analyzed separately from the liquid fractions. The distillation curves from the lab normally exclude the light-ends. 蒸馏曲线通常不包括轻烃。To generate a distillation curve reflecting the full distillation range of an assay, you need to use Match Light-ends.要生成一个反应全馏程的直馏曲线，你需要匹配Light-ends。8 B- F. j3 v6 kMatch light-ends uses the boiling points of the light-ends components to determine the curve in the range from 0 to lt% where lt% is the percentage of the light-ends in the assay.匹配的light-ends用轻烃的沸点决定了蒸馏曲线的0-1%，其中1%是蒸馏曲线的轻端。P* k0 X4 |! P# 5 dThe default is not match light-ends.默认是不匹配light-ends。11. How does Aspen Plus match light ends?Aspen是怎样匹配light-ends的？# ; t5 X* Y7 7 n6 l( c% r& ?/ kWhen Match Light-ends is selected, the TBP curve, from the light-end fraction and blow, will be represented by the boiling points and concentrations of the light-end components. 当选择匹配light-ends后，实沸点曲线，从轻端分率和，将会代表沸点和轻烃组分集合。For example, given the light-end fraction = 0.05, the boiling point of the heaviest lights = 64 F, the original TBP curve at 0.05 = 68 F。例如，给出的轻烃分率为0.05，最重轻组分的沸点在64F，则原始TBP曲线在0.05%=68FAfter matching light-ends, the final TBP curve will be 64 F at 0.05. And, from 0 to 0.05, the curve will be calculated from the light-ends. 匹配light-ends后，最后TBP曲线将会0.05=64F。并且从0-0.05，这个直馏曲线将会被认为是light-ends。The original TBP curve in the range from 0 to 0.05 is not used.原始的TBP曲线在0-0.05范围内是未被使用的。12. When using match light ends, sometime I receive a warning message saying the temperature difference is too large. Under what conditions will Aspen Plus not perform matching light ends?当我们使用light-ends后，有时会发现给出一个说温度差别太大的警告。接下来Aspen是否会计算light-ends数据呢？Match light-ends works only when the boiling point of the heaviest component in the light-ends falls within 10 F on the TBP curve at the light-end fraction. 当light-ends中的最重组分沸点与TBP曲线中0.05点相差10F内才会计算。In the above example, if the original TBP curve at 0.05 is below 54 F or above 74 F, Aspen Plus will give an error message and not perform matching light-ends.基于上例：原始的TBP曲线0.05点低于54F或高于74F，Aspen将会给出一个错误的警告，并不会计算light-ends。To avoid this error, user has to make sure that the light-ends analysis is accurate and the fraction of light-ends in the assay is accurate. 为了避免这个错误，必须确认轻端分析数据时准确的并且轻端分率也是准确的。To force matching light-ends when the temperature difference is 10F, you can：当面临的light-ends大雨10F的时候，可以采取：a. Add or remove the heavy components in the light-end analysis.添加或移除轻端中的重组分b. Change light-end fraction.改变轻端分率13. Can one enter viscosity data for a stream? For heavy petroleum fractions, the API methods do not cope well. If two viscosity points are available, 2800 cp 275 F and 600 cp 325 F can they be used in the simulation?8 A- A; s. |; 5 b* HYou cannot enter the data directly either in Assay input or stream input. The current procedure is to substitute MUL2USR for the mixture viscosity model. Write a Fortran subroutine for doing interpolation U z5 I$ x! # d. c& O+ ybased on these two points. The subroutine fits a model of the type:; Z% o1 ! F- / F1 $ rln(mulmx) = aa + bb/T% o2 D l% ( P14. How is pseudo-component specific gravity calculated?Liquid molar volume is based on the Rackett or Cavett model. The default is Rackett. Refer to the Aspen Plus on-line help.d: V# G2 F r: F% ; d15. How is pseudo-component MW calculated?/ I+ V& O) u. e2 g% bThere are nine (9) models for calculating pseudo-component molecular weight. Refer to the Aspen Plus on-line help.: ( G8 K$ A) D$ c9 6 S, n , r16. How is gross/net heating value calculated for a petroleum stream? Is the method the same for pure components and pseudo-components?对于一个石油流如何计算总/净热值的？方纯组件和虚拟成分是否使用同样计算方法？Heating value is also called heat of combustion. The heat of combustion of a substance is the change in enthalpy when that substance is converted to its final oxidation products by means of molecular oxygen. The beginning and ending states are:+ l( R3 z% 8 Dstandard heat of combustion: 77 F and 1 atm# K9 q: l0 n& u z4 , Ggross heat of combustion: 60 F and 1 atm& ?+ j; o7 b7 1 iThe normal state for the water formed by the reaction is liquid in both cases. Since the sensible heat of water from 60 to 77 F is usually negligible in comparison with the heat of combustion, the gross and standard heats of combustion are approximately equal. The net heat of combustion is the heat evolved in combustion beginning and ending at 60 F with product water in gaseous phase. Therefore, the net heat of combustion is less than the gross heat of combustion by the heat of vaporization of the water product.0 3 r+ g) T) D6 I1 mNet/Gross heating value can be reported in Dry/Wet basis for a stream:6 pk0 $ s4 f5 8 JDry basis - excludes water already present in the stream before combustion,/ n. L4 K|& k# i. x- E/ |5 |8 pWet basis - includes water already present in the stream before combustion.- k- U. B F! IThe methods for calculating pure component and petroleum fractions heating value are different., P9 ) S+ |8 b7 e; c& WPetroleum Fractions: The method is based on API Procedure 14A1.3, 4th Edition (1983). The heating value is a function of API gravity corrected for impurity concentrations of H2O, S and other inert. Pure components Net Heating Value = -HCOM from pure component databank- k8 C2 l ?! F! N3 17. How does ASPEN PLUS extrapolate values between 0% and the first distillation point and between the end point and 100% point for the True Boiling Point curve?ASPEN PLUS如何计算实沸点曲线介于0%和初馏点以及干点和100%？Suppose that the first point is at 10% and the last at 90%. Aspen Plus extrapolates between 0 - 10% and 90 - 100% using two methods: Probabilistic and Quadratic. The default is Probabilistic, which assumes a normal distribution of boiling points and uses the last point provided to extrapolate to the initial and end point. Quadratic was introduced in Aspen Plus Release 9.1-3假设第一点是10%和最后一点是90%。Aspen推测0-10%和90%-100%范围用两个模块：Probabilistic and Quadratic。Probabilistic是默认模块，就是假设一个关于沸点的正态分布，用提供的最后一点推算初馏点和干点。18. What is the difference between Probabilistic and Quadratic methods?5 O* p$ J& i19. How does initial (default = 0.5%) and final (default = 99%) boiling points setting affect extrapolation?+ % i: f# rThe setting determines at what percentage the end points are reported. For example, with final point set at 0.99%, the temperature corresponding to 99% in the extrapolation is reported as the 100% temperatures. They may be adjusted to match end points.# P+ O# d4 v9 / x, h20. For viscosity the API formula is limited to temperatures of below 400 C (750 F) and component MW of not greater than 7000. How does the program handle very heavy crudes or residues beyond these limits? : a( e% r: _% d9 I8 I; F! lThe procedure uses linear extrapolation for Watson K and API based the chart on 11-31 API Data Book, Fourth Edition.5 i# c! v; Z6 q& _- i/ f21. How can Aspen Plus cope with downstream refinery products that are higher in olefinic components than the original crude does? For flosheets with reactors, there should be 2 sets of pseudo-components, one set for the streams before the reactor block and another set after the reactor. Each set of pseudo-components should have its own ssay data characterization. The reactor model will need to determine the flows of each pseudo-component for the reactor effluent.- 7 b/ P2 D8 j- |# w22. How to use a SEP block to separate pseudo-components?+ n8 P6 s5 AG 2 b; uGSEP block can only access pseudo-components entered in the Component.Main form or generated with Naming Option = LIST. It cannot access pseudo-components generated with the default Naming Option (NBP). You can set the Naming Option in pseudo-component Generation form to LIST. The steps are:# |9 Z; E0 T$ K( D& o2 Run the simulation once to obtain the pseudo-component break-down.4 / P* K9 ( q$ bGo to the pseudo-component Generation (PC-Calc) form and change the naming option from& 8 L, w- OT h/ p w7 p/ GNBP to LIST. Enter the names of all the pseudo-components in the LIST fields.( * q$ Z( z y* gNow the pseudo-components become accessible in the SEP block.& X. I* L5 Z8 V3 i2 J* ZK$ G23. What is the procedure of using pseudo-component components in a reactor model (eg. RYIELD)?+ r: B: t2 F* . u* 4 | Q6 O# ATo do this, it is necessary to associate pseudo-components that are generated during an ADA/PCS run with components on the Components.Main form. These components can then be used in a reactor) e; , x* j F- b8 . Rmodel.( V! i3 i6 _% ! z# r$ Y vSteps:9 s6 |0 d( % He; fPerform an ADA/PCS run.* p! t7 1 O g( u. z& n, Create a component id for each ADA/PCS fraction that you want to include in the reactor.) Z2 |; J1 W/ w& m% F& xAGo to Components.Main form) _7 C$ Q: O) C WEnter a user-specified Comp Id of type Pseudo for each component.1 w0 o3 M& N5 ?% P# V6 u+ SEnter the required properties for each of the above components.8 Y5 |# ; l/ C4 V2 BThe component IDS now can be accessed in the reactor model.9 I2 | 7 h. m. F; r9 M24. If pseudo-components are used in RSTOIC, would atom balance be a problem since5 u4 |: x3 4 q( f/ pseudo-component MWs are estimated from correlation?) s* & A6 Y, j I& n% Z: Z+ mB0 M25. What is the difference of the five Naming Options in Pseudo-Component Generation?+ dt h& l; - b* NBP - use the normal boiling points to name each cut( Q5 k( y0 s( g5 G! E3 lLIST - use the IDs in the ID-LIST fields to name the cuts9 i* s 5 , l2 |NUMBERED - use integer numbers to name the cuts, $ h7 d% q7 J, ) _ROUND-UP - use the upper temperature of the cut as its name# D) E1 A: k8 T+ s8 L% E, zROUND-DOWN - use the lower temperature of the cut as its name) k$ o! & m7 Z! A3 J/ HFor example, if a cut has an average T=215.4 F and the cut temperature specification is 200, 250, . . . F,( D8 J5 z: m6 ethe cut will be named as( c/ L, 6 F: a bNaming Option Cut Name (ID); . M7 X8 Lc- U# aBNP PC215F8 X1 . b S2 L; z, P, V3 pROUND-DOWN PC200F* 3 T+ 7 t% a9 s- ROUND-UP PC250F 7 ; n J: + ) _25. Can I generate cuts at specified normal boiling temperatures?# X( hB$ A+ . zNo. You cannot specify a set of normal boiling temperatures (NBP) to generate cuts. What you can specify is the cut temperatures, such as 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, . Aspen Plus will generate cuts at these temperatures and calculate the normal boiling point for each cut. With Naming Option = BNP, the cut names in the results or report file will not match