英语四级语法讲义.doc

英语四级语法讲义第40讲:被动结构与系表结构的区别“be过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：被动结构 The enemy was soon surrounded by us.系表结构 The house is surrounded by trees.被动结构 She was bitten by the dog in the darkness.系表结构 I was excited by the news that my husband got promoted.英语四级语法讲义第41讲:短语动词的被动语态有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。【例如】The meeting is to be put off till Friday. Women were looked down upon in the past in China. The out of date teaching method must be done away with. Dont worry, everything will be attended to in good time. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed his exams. The children are taken good care of by the teacher.这类可用被动语态的“动词介词/副词”词组还有：depend on, make use of, bring about, put forward, send for, talk about, bring up, put on, think over, call off等英语四级语法讲义第42讲:非谓语动词的被动语态非谓语动词的各种形式也有被动语态，一般常用的是一般体和完成体的被动语态，如下表：非谓语动词被动语态形式一般不定式to be done动名词being done现在分词being done完成不定式to have been done动名词having been done现在分词having been done例如:It is a great honor for him to have been elected a model worker. (不定式完成体的被动语态)This new teaching method has the advantage ofshavingsbeen tried a number of times by experienced teachers. (动名词完成体的被动语态英语四级语法讲义第43讲:被动语态的构成被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以give为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：一般现在时：am/is/aregiven【例句】The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practice and is based on pictures and topics.一般过去时：was/weregiven【例句】These computers were made in our own country.一般将来时：will/shall begiven【例句】Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _to the nation. (CET-4 1996, 6)A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left本句意思为：78岁的Denis先生声明他将把他的大多数收藏品留给国家。所以leave应用一般将来时的被动形式。一般将来时可以用来be to do sth表达，因此答案为D.过去将来时：would begiven【例句】The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.现在进行时：am/is/are beinggiven【例句】The machine is being repaired in the workshop. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now. ( CET-4 1996,1)A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed本句测试点是动词的时态和语态。develop和perfect是两个并列的谓语动词，perfect用的是被动形式，develop也应该用被动形式，而且句子的时间状语为now，故develop应用现在进行时的被动语态，答案为C。过去进行时：was/were beinggiven【例句】The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky现在完成时：has/have beengiven【例句】Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.过去完成时：had beengiven【例句】The huge bridge had been damaged before the World War.将来完成时：will/shall have beengiven【例句】The book will have been published by the end of next month.英语四级语法讲义第44讲:特殊的被动结构1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。【例如】The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。【例如】The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补语”结构变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语补语成为主语补语。能用这种结构的动词有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。【例如】She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.【例如】A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.5)某些感官动词加形容词可以表示被动意义。【例如】The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.6) Itbe过去分词that从句，或主语be过去分词to do sth.【例如】It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.英语四级语法讲义第45讲:不能变为被动结构的主动结构1)某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。【例如】This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.2)某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.【例如】Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments英语四级语法讲义第46讲:“get+过去分词”表被动语态英语中还有一种“get过去分词”构成的被动语态。其中get与“be过去分词”结构中的be同样起助动词的作用。这种结构在谈论突然发生、出乎意料的偶然事件。【例如】It is upsetting when a person gets punished for a crime that he didnt commit. The picture got damaged (was damaged) when we were moving. If they make such criticisms they will get treated with the contempt they deserve. The old lady got hit by a flower pot falling from a balcony. I got invited to lots of parties last holidays. I dont want to get mixed up with the police again.“get过去分词与“be过去分词”表达的被动语态并不完全相同，“be过去分词”既可表示动作，又可表示状态，而“get过去分词”则主要表示动作【例如】The police say the man was shot when they found him, but they dont know when he got shot.在这个句子中was shot表示状态，而got shot则表示动作。再如：另外，“be过去分词”构成的被动语态不用于将来进行时和完成进行时；而“get过去分词”可以用这些时态。【例如】You will be getting cursed. My brother has been getting examined英语四级语法讲义第47讲:现在分词的完成式现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。【例如】Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。【例如】His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.英语四级语法讲义第48讲:“悬垂分词”问题前节说过，分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语，它或是句子的主语，或者另有自己的主语，不然称这种分词为“悬垂分词”，这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。【例如】Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(这句话听起来好象是那些山从窗户往外看。)Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(这句话听起来好象是信件被赞扬。)Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.(这句话听上去好象是某种思想坐在树下。)关于“悬垂分词”这条语法规则也有例外情况。下面几种情况中的分词(短语)，不再认为它们是“悬垂分词”，即句子是正确的。1)有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度，看问题的角度，或者对所叙述的情况进行解释，它们便成了句子的独立成分，其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语。【例如】Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。(speaking的逻辑主语并不是nobody)Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。(这句中不是he在“判断”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.总的来说，这本书没有问题。Taking all thingssintosconsideration, his work is a successful one.全面考虑起来，他的工作还是很成功的。经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly) speaking, judging from(by),talking about,speaking of,looking at,takinginto consideration, put frankly, taken等。2)这样使用的有些分词，在句子中逐渐起到连词或介词的作用，便把它们视为连词或介词。【例如】Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行为也会引起极大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十个人，包括我在内。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的费用有人代付，我就去。经常这样使用的分词有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。3)某些句子中作状语的分词的逻辑主语虽然不是句子的主语，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，对这样的句子也不再认为是“悬垂分词”。【例如】Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the fathers heart.她父亲看到她健康迅速恶化，很是惊慌。(分词seeing的逻辑主语当然不是alarm，但它包含在宾语heart的定语fathers之中。)His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在乡下过暑假，帮助父亲干农活。(分词helping的逻辑主语包含在主语holidays的定语his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受，是因为它们能清楚表达意思，不会引起误解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名词，不会误解为seeing的逻辑主语；第二句中主语holidays是无生命的名词，不可能误解为helping的逻辑主语。4)如果句子谓语是被动语态，分词的逻辑主语可以包含在by后面的动作执行者之中(有时这个执行者并未明确表示出来)。这样的句子也可以被接受，而非“悬垂分词”。【例如】Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.用简单的句子可以准确有力地表达思想。Knowing as much as you do, the situation is easily explained.像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一形势。以上两句中的分词using和knowing的逻辑主语当然不是它们句子的主语ideas和situation，而是没有明确表达出来的express和explain两个动作的执行者。英语四级语法讲义第49讲:短语动词1)动词介词(宾语)这类结构在四级考试中考察最多，需要了解每个短语的确切含义及相近短语的区别。【例句】Without proper lessons, you coulda lot of habits when playing the piano. (CET-4 2000, 12)A) keep up B) catch up C) pick up D) draw upkeep up：坚持，保持，使继续；catch up：跟上，赶上；pick up：拿起，捡起；draw up：起草，拟定，使停止。本句译为：没有正确的练习，你弹琴时许多坏习惯会保持下去，因此答案为A。Everything we eat and drink contains some salt; we can meet the bodys need for it from natural sources without turning the salt bottle. (CET-4,2000,12)A) to B) over C) on D) upturn to：求助于，求教；turn over：翻转，移交；turn on：打开；turn up：出席，出现。本句译为：我们吃喝的所以东西都含有盐份，我们从自然的饮食中便可以满足对盐份的需求而不必求助于盐浚哉反鸢肝狝。I didnt know the word. I had toa dictionary. (CET-4 2000,6)A) look out B) make out C) refer to D) go overlook out：当心，注意；make out：辨认，了解；refer to：提及，谈到，查阅，咨询；go over：复习。本句意思为：我不懂这个词，我不得不查字典，所以正确答案是C。The early pioneers had tomany hardships to settle on the new land. (CET- 4, 2000, 6)A) go along with B) go back on C) go through D) go intogo along with：陪伴；go back on：违背，背弃；go through：经历，详细讨论；g o into：进入，调查。句意为：早期的开拓者不得不经历了千辛万苦才在新的土地上定居，所以正确答案是C。2)动词副词这类结构不用于被动语态。【例如】I am sure you cant win the game, so you may well give in.3)动词宾语副词宾语为代词时，必须位于谓语动词与副词之间；宾语为名词时，位置比较灵活。用于被动语态时，动词与副词不能分开。【例如】I decided to give it up, for it was too difficult.I decided to give up the program, for it was too difficult.His proposal was turned down by his boss.4)动词副词介词(宾语)【例如】We are running out of fresh water.We should work hard to make up for what we have lost.We had toa lot of noise when the children were at home. (CET-4 1998,6)A) go in for B) hold on to C) put up with D) keep pace withgo in for：从事，致力于；hold on to：紧紧抓住；put up with：容忍，忍受；keep pa ce with：跟上，同速前进。句意为：当孩子们在家的时候，我们不得不忍受许多噪音，因此应选择C。The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of mone y could. (CET-4 1995,6)A) stand up to B) make up for C) come up with D) put up withstand up to：耐久，耐用；make up for：补偿，弥补；come up with：产生，发现；p ut up with：容忍，忍受。句意为：这些珍宝遭到破坏是人类的损失，是多少金钱都弥补不了的，因此应选择B英语四级语法讲义第50讲:分词练习题1) After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys_ to go to school. (CET-4 1997,1)A) to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged2) _,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (CET-4 1997,6)A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equalC) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal3)All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. (CET-4 1998,6)A) considered B) be considered C) considering D)shavingsconsidered4) The house was very quiet, _as it was on the side of a mountain. (CET-4 1999,6)A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D)shavingsbeen isolated5) This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (CET-4 1999,6)A) being B) been C) to be D)shavingsbeen6) Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. (CET-4 2000,1)A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C)shavingscultivated D) cultivating7) _in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. (CET-4 2000,1)A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at8) You will see this product _ wherever you go. (CET-4 2000,6)A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising9) _in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. (CET-4 2000,12)A) To be judged the best B)shavingsjudged the bestC) Judged the best D) Judging the best10) From the dates _ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.A) marking B)shavingsbeen marked C) marked D) to be marked11) She stood by the window, _.A) thinking B) think C) thought D) thinks12) _ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing13) The editorial _ now will appear in tomorrows newspaper.A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write14) It _ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.A) is B) being C) turned D) got15) _ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing16) The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand _ a stick for support.A) held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding17) _ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.A)shavingsdefeated B) To have defeateC)shavingsbeen defeated D) To have been defeated英语四级语法讲义第50讲:分词练习题时间:2008-2-25 14:17:21来源:本站原创作者:alex 免费每日英语课堂|测测英语水平如何网页划词已启用18) _neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of19) _ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.A) He is remembered B) While being rememberedC) To be remembered D) Though remembered20) _ that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a good job.A) Given B) Because C) Giving D) As21) _ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A) If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking22) I understood you were third-year students _ in English.A) who majors B) who major isC) have majored D) majoring23) A cool rain was falling, _ with snow.A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D)shavingsmixed24) _ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.A) Surrounded B) SurroundingC)shavingssurrounded D) To be surrounded25)_ equal educational opportunities, American Indians in the reservations remained backward and illiterate for a long time.A) Deprived off B) Depriving offC) Deprived of D) Depriving of26) All the exam papers _, the teacher sent the class home.A)shavingsbeen handed in B)shavingshands in C) handing inD) being handed in27) _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A) Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) Founded28) There _ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live.A) be B) was C) were D) being29) _ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.A)shavingslived B) Lived C) Living D) To live30) Any packet _ properly will not be accepted by the post office.A) not to be wrapped B) not being wrappedC) not wrapped D) notshavingsbeen wrapped31) The lab _ next year will be more advanced than the old one.A) built B) to be built C) being built D) to build32) Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world.A) being lost B) losing C)shavingslost D) lost33) He was sitting in the chair, _ a book.A) read B) was reading C) reading D) with reading34) Such _ the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints.A) is B) was C) be D) being35) Peter is a good student, _ his best subject.A) as English B) English as C) being English D) English being分词部分练习题答案：1)C 2)A 3)A 4)A 5)A 6)A 7)C 8)B 9)C 10)C 11)A 12)A 13)C 14)B 15)A 16)B 17)C 18)A 19)D 20)A 21)D22)D 23)A 24)A 25)C 26)A 27)D 28)D 29)A 30)C 31)B32)D 33)C 34)D 35)D英语四级语法讲义第51讲:分词的独立结构在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。 【例如】The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.(附加说明)She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.(伴随动作)Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.(伴随动作)They being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =As they were blind men. )(表示原因)Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.(表示原因)A force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示条件)All flightsshavingsbeen cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。【例如】There being nothing else to do, we went home.Thereshavingsbeen no rain, the plants withered. It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _on benches, chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1)A)shavingsseated B) seating C) seated D)shavingsbeen seated本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。seat可以用于如下句中：He came in and was seated in the chair. Please come in and be seated. So many directors_, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B英语四级语法讲义第52讲:现在分词的被动式在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动形式。【例如】The bridge being built now will be completed in three months.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Being surrounded by the students, the teacher was answering questions one by one.If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _. (CET-4 1996,6)A) to correct B) correcting C)shavingscorrected D) being corrected句意为：如果我批评某个人，我会尽量保持幽默，自我控制，像批评自己一样。one为代词，后面的动词为其修饰成分，故用分词，而且one与correct之间是动宾关系，故用分词被