中国古代教育.doc

CHINA ANCIENT EDUCATION 中国古代教育.Traditional Chinese education system 中国传统教育体系 .Academy书院.Primary educators of ancient 古代主要教育家.Traditional Chinese education system 中国传统教育体系The provenance of education. 中国教育的起源History of the development of traditional Chinese education 中国传统教育的发展史The provenance of education in China中国教育的起源China have a long history.200 million years ago, ancient humans labored, lived and multiplied on this land. So learning experience and production tools to become the first lesson of primitive humans.中国拥有悠久的历史,200万年以前 原始人在这片土地上劳作、生活、繁衍因此学习制作工具的经验和技术 就成了人类教育的第一课.What is the education?Education is an activity that the primitive want to adapt the social life and meet the needs of productive and labor,And along with the humanity to carry on develops is changing.教育是原始人适应当时社会生活和生产 劳动的需要而产生的一种活动，并且随 着人类生产生活的进行而发展变化着。History of the development of traditional Chinese education中国传统教育的发展史Chunqiu Dynasty Zhanguo Dynasty春秋战国Han Dynasty汉朝Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty隋唐朝Song Dynasty宋朝Ming Dynasty明朝Qing Dynasty清朝 Many scholars believe the history of education in China can be traced back at as far as the 16th century B.C. during the late “Xia Dynasty”.Throughout this period of time ,education was privilege of the elites. 许多学者认为中国的教育的历史可以追溯到在后“夏王朝” 至于公元前16世纪。在整个这段时间内，教育是贵族的特权。 The teaching of confucianism during “Chun Qiu Dynasty” and “Zhan Guo Dynasty” . The curriculum were mainly based on the Four books and the Five classics. Confucianism probably is the biggest influence in education of China through out the entire chinese history. 在春秋、战国时期，儒学教育开始盛行，该课程主要是四书、 五经。在中国历史的长河里，儒学是影响中国教育最大的学说。 In Xi Han dynasty, Emperor promulgated the abandon all other theory, Only Confucianism, cultural and educational policy. These policies are Building Imperial College, established to promote the Five Classics of Confucianism, research, and carry forward the Confucian doctrine and the establishment of Confucianism as the standard of Imperial Examination System ,and so on . 在西汗,汉武帝颁布了“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”的文教政 策。这些政策是:建太学、设儒家五经博士以宣传、研究、 发扬儒家学说 和建立以儒家思想为标准的贡举制度等等.At Xi Han (AD 178 years), they founded the first College of literature and art, the college named by located in Hongdumen Luoyang . The received students and the content of teaching by Hongduxue college were different with Imperial College. The students are mostly gentry looked down upon birth, social status is not high, children and civilian children of middle and small landlords . ,Hongduxue is the first art college for specialized teaching Fu, novels, paintings. 在东汉灵帝光和元年（公元178年），便创办了最早的文学艺术专科学 在东汉灵帝光和元年（公元178年），便创办了最早的文学艺术专科学 178 校，因校址设在洛阳鸿都门而得名。鸿都门学所收学生和所教内容都与 因校址设在洛阳鸿都门而得名。 太学不同，学生出身多是士族瞧不起、 太学不同，学生出身多是士族瞧不起、社会地位不高的中小地主子弟与 平民子弟.鸿都门学专门讲授辞赋、小说、绘画， 平民子弟.鸿都门学专门讲授辞赋、小说、绘画，它是世界上最早的文 艺大学。In the sui dynasty, China has formed complete education system of school. The emperor SUI WEN advocates to opening schools, set up offical schools from central to local.This offical school also called Guo ZI Jian . In that time ，the department and officials of specially manage with education began to appear .在隋朝，我国形成较完备的学校教育制度。隋文帝提倡办学校，从中央到地方都设置官学， 隋文帝提倡办学校，从中央到地方都设置官学， 这种官学又被称为国子监。在那时，专管教育部 门和教育的官员开始出现。 The Tang Dynasty central government authorities strengthened to officials study leadership, established has been responsible to manage the education specially the administrative machinery - - Imperial Academy. The Imperial Academy is in charge of “six study”: Country study, Imperial College, school of four gates, book study. Most is worth mentioning, from as central appeared as the place has divided into separate fields the quite thin medicine, had to compare Western early for several hundred years. In brief, the Tang Dynasty educates developed, even more expands with the Asian various countries cultural exchange scope, the Tang Dynasty also unceasingly derives essence of the external cultural, domains and so on Buddhist literature, medicine, astronomy calendar, music, drawing, building the western region, the central Asia, the South Asian culture influence is been big.唐中央加强了对官学的领导， 唐中央加强了对官学的领导，成立了专门负责管理教育的行政机 国子监. 构国子监.下设“六学”：国子学、太学、四门学、书学、算学、 国子监 下设“六学” 国子学、太学、四门学、书学、算学、 律学。 律学。 最值得一提的是，从中央到地方出现了分科比较细的医学， 最值得一提的是，从中央到地方出现了分科比较细的医学，要比 西方早了几百年。 西方早了几百年。 总之，唐代教育发达，与亚洲各国文化交流范围更加扩大，唐代 总之，唐代教育发达，与亚洲各国文化交流范围更加扩大， 也不断汲取外来文化之精华，佛经、医学、天文历法、音乐、绘画、 也不断汲取外来文化之精华，佛经、医学、天文历法、音乐、绘画、 建筑等领域受西域、中亚、南亚文化影响较大。 建筑等领域受西域、中亚、南亚文化影响较大。Song Dynasty above Tang Dynasty training school education development foundation, also set up has trained the military talented person specially military study and raises the calligraphy and painting talented persons picture study specially.After Song Dynasty, the medicine, the masculine and feminine elements study has also obtained the development. 宋代在唐代专科学校教育发展基础之上，又设立了专门培养军事人才的武学和专门培养书画人才的画学。宋代以后，医学、阴阳学也获得了发展. The Song Dynasty Han Lin art academy as for the imperial art academy, all has the impetus function to the drawing art prosperity and the picture study education development. The fine arts are also included imperial civil service examination test subject, the painter may through take an exam into the palace as an official. 宋代翰林图画院作为皇家画院，对绘画艺术的繁荣和画学教育的发展都有推动作用。画学还被列入科举考试科目，画家可以通过应试入宫为官。 Ming Dynasty education compared to front generation even more institution, the education measure is more detailed more and complete.Imperial Academys education object scope expands.The Ming Dynasty is also equipped with studies the foreign language and the translation book four yi halls specially. 明朝教育比前代更加制度化，教育措施更加详备。国子监 的教育对象范围扩大。明朝还设有专门学习外语和翻译书的四夷馆。The Qing Dynasty is the time which the China feudal society goes down hill gradually, also was the ancient times educates deteriorates gradually, decayed, moves towards declining the time.In 1905, the Qing government was compelled to announce “all township metropolitan examination all stopped, various provinces year old branch test i.e. stop.” (The A.D. 606 years) the beginning sets at the successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations branch from the Emperor Yangdi in Sui dynasty great undertaking two years to start, the imperial civil service examination system finally withdrew from the China historical arena to 1905, altogether has continued long time of the 1300。清朝是中国封建社会逐渐走下坡路的时期，也是 古代教育逐渐衰败、腐朽、走向没落的时期。 1905年，清廷被迫宣布“所有乡会试一律停止， 各省岁科考试亦即停止。”自隋炀帝大业二年(公 元606年)始置进士科开始，至1905年科举制最终 退出中国历史舞台，共延续了1300年之久。AcademyAcademy appeared in China in the northern song dynasty, end in Qing dynasty is education, an important organizational form, politically and education of China feudal society has had a significant influence, played a very important role. 书院出现在中国北宋时期，结束于清王朝， 是教育一 种重要组织形式，在政治上和教育上对中国封建社会 产生过重要影响，起过非常重要作用。Academy originating in Tang dynasty, and points official and private sector two kinds, mainly yearbooks and collection of scripture places. 书院最早起源于唐朝，分官办和私办两种， 书院最早起源于唐朝，分官办和私办两种，主要是校 刊和收藏经籍的场所。Since song dynasty style gradually calls from a student for his own reading, and the government is the land without enough strength doesnt run school, also in education, under this background academies produced.宋朝文风渐起，读书人纷纷要求有一块供自己读书之地， 宋朝文风渐起，读书人纷纷要求有一块供自己读书之地，而政府尚没有充足的实力 兴办学校，也无力顾及教育，书院就在这种背景之下产生了。 兴办学校，也无力顾及教育，书院就在这种背景之下产生了。The academy not only is the teaching organization also is the scholarly research organization, has the different school of thought scholar to visit the lecture, institutes students also may listen freely.The academy pays attention extremely trains the student to study independently ability and the academic exchanges, the teacher and student relations is harmonious. 书院既是教学机构又是学术研究机构，有不同学派的学者莅临讲学，学院的学生也可自由听讲。 书院 十分注意培养学生的自学能力和学术交流师生关系融洽。 White hart hole academy Song yang academy Yuelu academy Ying tian fu academy，Bailu Dong Academy, built in 940 ADis one of the four famous academies in China. Situated in the south of Houping Mountain of Wulao peak in Lushan in Southern Tang Dynasty, Bai Ludong was officially become an institution of higher Mountain, Bai Ludong Academy is built close to the mountain, Dynasty, learning, which was the start that school established here. In Songand all pavilions set off one another in loft trees. academies were established everywhere in the country, so it was called Bai Ludong 白鹿洞书院 升元年间，白鹿洞正式辟为书馆，称白鹿洞学馆，亦称“庐山国学” 九江庐山五老峰南麓 白鹿洞书院，建于公元940年，是中国四大书院之一。位于江西九江庐山五老峰南麓 年 是中国四大书院之一。位于江西九江庐山五老峰 南唐升元年间 南唐升元年间， Academy. 书院，建于公元 白鹿洞正式辟为书馆，称白鹿洞学馆，亦称“庐山国学”。宋仁宗 后的屏山之阳。 后的屏山之阳。 五年，改称“白鹿洞之书堂” 五年，改称“白鹿洞之书堂”。The Songyang Academy at the foot of Song Mountain, Henan Province, is one of “ Four Well-known Academies in Song Dynasty” and is a famous scenic area. It has a history of about 1, 000 years。 The Pagoda at the backyard of Songyang Academy was built in 520 AD, Northern Wei Dynasty with 15 floors, 40m high. It is the existent oldest pagoda with 12 sides. The Junji Mountain, the main hill of Song Mountain, is the main scenic spot at Song Mountain 1492m high. Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), Ching Dynasty came here in a tour of inspection and wrote: Every fantastic scenic spot presents when I stand on the peak! There is also the poem related to Junji Mountion by a most poet Fan Zhongyian: You couldnt know so large the world unless you tour the Junji Mountain! 嵩阳书院在嵩山南麓、河南省内，是四大书院之一，距今有一千多年的历史。创建于北魏孝文帝时 嵩山南麓 北魏孝文帝 嵩阳书院在嵩山南麓、河南省内，是四大书院之一，距今有一千多年的历史。创建于北魏孝文帝时， 时称嵩阳寺，至唐代改为嵩阳观，到五代时周代改建为太室书院。宋代理学的“洛学”创世人程颢、 时称嵩阳寺，至唐代改为嵩阳观，到五代时周代改建为太室书院。宋代理学的“洛学”创世人程颢、 程颐兄弟都曾在嵩阳书院讲学，此后，嵩阳书院成为宋代理学的发源地之一。明末书院毁于兵燹， 程颐兄弟都曾在嵩阳书院讲学，此后，嵩阳书院成为宋代理学的发源地之一。明末书院毁于兵燹， 清代康熙时重建。 清代康熙时重建。Yuelu college of the west bank in Changsha in Hunan XiangJiang river scenic national 4A scenic capital. As one of the four famous ancient Chinese academy。 。Ying tian fu academy also called Sui yang academy.Located in ShangQiuXian . Founded in the later Jin dynasty, northern get everbright. Today the only remaining buildings, for people to visit.应天府书院亦称睢阳书院，位于商丘县城南。始建于后晋， 应天府书院亦称睢阳书院，位于商丘县城南。始建于后晋，北宋 时得到光大。 时得到光大。.Primary educators ancient 古代主要教育家Confucius 孔子Confucius, (551-479 BC - Wade-Giles Kung-fu-tzu or Pinyin Kongfuzi), or Master Kung, whose life defines the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history, becomes long after his death the dominant Chinese philosopher both morally and politically. In the Warring States Period Mencius (Meng Tzu) (c.390305 BC) extended and systematized Confuciuss ideas; but with Confuciuss adoption in the Hn Dynasty as the official moral and political doctrine of the State, the Confucian tradition became so broad that Scholar or Li