江苏高考英语时态和语态复习.doc

高三英语一轮复习学案 高考英语语法一轮复习动词的时态和语态一、现在时1. 一般现在时：基本结构：do / does / be (am/is/are) 用法：(1) 表示现在的习惯动作、状态。 (2) 表示客观规律、真理；特征、性格等。 (3) 用于标题，小说、剧本、图片等中的情节介绍。(4) 用于时间、条件、让步状从中，表将来。 (5) 表示按计划、规定的时间发生的动作，如时刻表等。仅限于 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 等趋向动词。(6) 用于一些完全倒装句，表示进行意义。2. 现在进行时：基本结构：be(am/is/are) doing; 用法：(1) 表示现在、现阶段正在发生、进行的动作。 (2) 表示按计划或已安排好的事情，只限于 go, come, leave, arrive, start, return, stay, sail, fly 等动词。 (3) 与 always, forever, constantly, continually等副词连用，表示反复出现的习惯性动作，往往含有赞赏或厌恶的感情色彩。注意：1. 表示感觉、心理、结果性的动词一般不用于进行时。 2. 常见表进行的副词、介短：in progress in operation on show3. 现在完成时：基本结构：have/has done 用法：(1) 过去发生且结束，但对现在造成影响。(2) 过去发生且持续到现在。(3) 在以下两个句型中，其从句要求用现在完成时： It (This) is the first (last, second, third) time that It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting,) + n. + that4. 现在完成进行时：基本结构：have/has been doing 用法：表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。巩固练习：1. Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I _ my mum.A. am taking B. have taken C. will have takenD. take 2. Because farmland _ quickly, the government is considering solving the problem. A. is being lost B. is lost C. is losing D. loses3. John and I _ friends for 8 years. We first got to know each other at a party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have been B. have been; have beenC. had been; had seenD. have been; had seen4. Dad will come to see me when I _ the training course. A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. Finish5. Did he notice you enter the room? I dont think so. He _ to the radio with his eyes shut. A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened6. We _ our new neighbors yet, so we dont know their names. A. dont meet B. wont meet C. havent met D. hadnt met7. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage. A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. be repaired8. _ leave at the end of the month. I dont think you should do that until _ another job. A. Im going to; youd found B. Im going to; youve found C. Ill; youll find D. Ill; youd find9. I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _ on it for an hour. A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been workingD. had worked10. The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going二、过去时1. 一般过去时：基本结构：did/be(was/were)用法：(1) 表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与yesterday, last night, a moment ago, the next day 等过去的具体时间状语连用。 (2) 表示过去习惯性动作，可用used to / would + do结构。 (3) 用于时间、条件、让步状从中，表示过去的将来。 (4) 用于虚拟语气中：1）用于if条件从句中，表示对现在、将来的虚拟；2）在wish / as if / if only / would rather / It is time等+从句中，表示对现在或将来的虚拟。 (5) 表示刚才或过去不知，现在或说话时已知。 (6) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。表示委婉语气的动词有 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等，及情态动词 could, would。2. 过去进行时： 基本结构：be (was/were) + doing用法：(1) 表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作。(2) 表示从过去的某一时间来看按计划会发生的事情，只限于 go, come, leave, arrive, start, return, stay, sail, fly 等动词。(3) 用来描述一件事情发生的背景，即一个长动作延续的时另一个短动作已经发生。3. 过去完成时：基本结构：had + done 总概念：过去的过去。用法：(1) 用于主从复合句中：两个动作皆发生在过去，前一个动作用过去完成时。 (2) 用于时间状语为“by + 过去时间”的句子中。 (3) 表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算、希望，只限于表示意向的动词，如 think, hope, wish, expect, intend, plan, mean 等，意为“原本但未能”。 (4) 用于“hardly/scarcelywhen; no soonerthan”的主句中。 (5) 用于虚拟语气中：表示与过去的事实相反。巩固练习：1. Thousands of people took part in the work when the dam _. A. was built B. built C. was being built D. would be built2. Mr. James _ a city bus for 20 years. Now he has retired. A. was driving B. drove C. has driven D. had driven3. We _ that you would be able to visit us, but you didnt. A. expected B. expect C. had expected D. were expecting4. Rose _ a book about China last month, but I dont know whether she has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing5. Joan could be a very attractive girl, but she _ no attention to her clothes. A. pays B. paid C. was paying D. had paid6. They should have finished the job before noon, but they _. A. dont B. didnt C. wont D. havent7. Wouldnt it be better if we _ a car? A. bought B. have bought C. buy D. could buy8. Your phone number again, please. I _ quite catch it. Its 9586440. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant9. When I was at college, I _ 3 foreign languages, but I _ all except a few words for each. A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten10. We could have walked to the station. It was so near.Yes. A taxi _ at all necessary. A. wasnt B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. isnt 三、将来时1. 一般将来时：基本结构：will/shall （用于第一人称）+ do用法：表示将来的动作或状态。will: (1) 表示将来或临时的决定。(2) 表示意志、意愿。(3) 还可表现在的习惯性动作。(4) 表示一种固有属性或必然趋势。be going to: (1) 表示现在对将来的计划、打算。 (2) 表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明要发生某种情况时。be doing: 进行时表示就近将来要发生的事。（仅限于 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 等趋向动词。）be to do: (1) 表示（经过周密计划安排）的打算，将要做某事。 (2) 表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。 (3) 表示注定会发生某事。 (4) 可用于条件，时间状语从句中表示“想要”。be about to: 意为“马上要做某事”，一般不与表示明确将来的时间状语连用。 （但当be 为was / were时，则常与when状从连用）2. 过去将来时：基本总结构should/would do, was/were going to do, was/were doing, was/were to do, was/were about to do。 用法： (1) would do表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态，常用于宾语从句。 (2) was/were going to do 表示过去将来，也可以表示没有实现的意图，即过去曾经打算或准备要做的，但由于某些原因未能做到的事情。 (3) was/were to do 通常表示按过去的计划、安排将在某个过去将来时间发生的事情。假如这个安排后来未能实现，则用was/were to have done 表示。注意：was / were + to do: 除表示曾经的计划、打算外，还可表示“后来结果，注定”的含义。3. 将来进行时： 基本结构：will / shall be doing用法：将来某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行或持续的动作。4. 将来完成时：基本结构：will / shall have done用法：表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与 before 或 by the time 或 by the end of 短语引导的现在时的从句连用。 (1) 表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态，并在将来完成。 (2) 表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。巩固练习：1. I dont know if he _. If he _, Ill let you know.A. will come; comes B. comes; will comeC. comes; comes D. will come; will come2. She _ law the moment she has finished mid-school. A. is to study B. is about to study C. will be studyingD. will have studied 3. Ill return the book to the library as soon as I _ it. A. finished B. am going to finishC. will finish D. have finished4. In such dry weather, the plants will have to be watered if they _. A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive5. By the time you get to the airport, she _ for New Zealand. A. would be leaving B. has left C. is leaving D. will have left6. It _ long before we _ the result of the experiment. A. wont be; will knowB. is; will know C. wont be; knowD. is; know7. Did you tell Julia about the result? Oh, no, I _. I_ call her now. A. forget; will B. forgot; will C. forget; am to D. forgot; am to8. We had to be patient because it _ some time before we got the full result. A. would be B. was C. has been D. had been9. If I call again in an hour, do you think your boss _?A. had arrived B. has arrived C. will have arrivedD. will be arriving10.If a man _ succeed, he must work as hard as he can. A. will B. is to C. is going to D. Should四、语态语态指主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式用被动语态。1. 构成：“助动词be + 过去分词” 助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化与时态中的变化一致，另外它也可以构成否定或疑问式。 时 体 现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/should be done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being done完成have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been done2. 主动变被动的注意事项(1) 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to,但变成被动语态时，必须加上to.(2) 如果是接双宾语的动词改成被动语态，直接宾语（物）做主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词的搭配由与其搭配的动词决定。(3) 一些动词的短语用于被动语态，动词短语应看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词和副词。 (4) 有些及物动词不能用于被动语态。有些及物动词由于动词的性质（状态动词）、宾语的性质（反身代词或相互代词）以及在某些意义上为不可拆分的固定词组，没有被动语态。3. 常用的被动语态的固定句型 (1) It is said /believed/reported/supposed /hoped that 据说/据信/据报道/人们希望/人们认为(2) It is well known that 众所周知(3) It is generally considered that 普遍认为(4) It must be pointed /admitted that必须指出/承认4. 主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况(1) 表示事物状态特征的连系动词，look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容词/名词构成系表结构。(2) 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语（副词）。(3) 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。.(4) 介词in, on, under, beyond等 + 名词构成介词短语表被动意义。常见的有：under control, beyond beief, in print等。(5) 主语+ want/need/require表示“需要被”的时候，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动或用不定式的被动。(6) be worth doing 表示某事值得做。注意：与worth相类似的worthy不一样，其后不接动名词而接不定式（若接动名词则其前应有介词of）且要用被动形式表示被动含义。(7) be to blame (应该受责备)，be to rent/let (出租)用主动形式表示被动。(8) 作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时，或与被修饰的名词是动宾关系时就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如I have a lot of work to do. (9.) 在某些形容词，如easy, difficult, light, heavy, fit, good, safe, comfortable, dangerous, pleasant等，其后作状语用的不定式与句中主语构成动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义。如That man is difficult to deal with.5. “get + 过去分词（p.p.）”结构的用法 get可用作连系动词和过去分词连用构成被动结构，主要用来表示状态或结果,且其后不用“by + 执行者”，本结构。常见以下几种情况：(1) 表示突然、偶然、意外发生的事。如The boy got hurt on his way home from school.(2) 表示反身行为而非被动行为。如You have to get dressed before 7 oclock.(3) 表示说话者强调的动作。如Mike and Rose arranged to get married.6. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态表示动作；而系表结构则表示主语的特征或所处的状态。(1) 大多数用by短语的句子是被动语态；若用其他固定搭配的介词，往往是系表结构。 比较：She was frightened by his ghost story. She was frightened of snakes.(2) 系表结构多用于一般现在时和一般过去时，而被动语态则可用于更多时态。 比较：The experimemt is being done. The vase is broken.(3) 某些表示“使引起感情”等意义的过去分词与be连用，某些表示运动、变化、终止等意义的不及物动词的过去分词与be连用时是系表结构。如He was worried about his sons safety. Im finished with the book.时态语态练习1. I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived2. This machine _. It hasnt worked for years.A. didnt work B. wasnt working C. doesnt work D. isnt working3. My friend, who _ on the IOC all his life, is retiring next month.A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served4. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _ off at 18:20.A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken5. I dont suppose the police know who did it.Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _ now.A. has been questioned B. is being questionedC. is questioning D. has questioned 6. I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.Im sorry, but by then my lecture will have ended and I _ my guests in my office. A. is being met B. will meet C. will be meeting D. will have met7. Hi, Tracy, you look tired. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted8. With the development of science, more new technology _ to the field of IT.A. has introduced B. is being introduced C. is introduced D. was introduced9. The two friends _ on line for three hours, and they will go on.A. had been chattingB. had chatted C. were chatting D. have been chatting10. Lets see if the baseball game has started yet. Started? It must be clear who _ by now. A. is winning B. wins C. has won D. would win11. Whats the matter, Jane? You look sad. Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I _ of my friends back home. A. was just thinkingB. just thought C. have just been thinkingD. have just thought12. He will have learned English for 8 years by the time he _ from university. A. will graduate B. will have graduatedC. graduates D. is to graduate13. There was a knock at the door. It was the second time that someone _ me that evening. A. to have interruptedB. would have interrupted C. had interrupted D. to interrupt14. Do you know our town at all? No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. am going C. came D. have been15. The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose.A. think; lost B. thought; had lost C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost16. What do you think of my suggestion?I am sorry. I _ about something else. A. thought B. was thinking C. am thinking D. had thought17. I arrived late. I _ the road to be so crowded. A. wouldnt expectB. havent expected C. hadnt expected D. didnt expected18. When Mary dropped in, I _ for a while and _ some reading. A. was playing; was going to do B. played; did C. had played; was going to do D. had played; did19. I am sure you met Alice at the party last week.I dont remember her. What _ she _? A. was; wearing B. had; worn C. did; wear D. would; wear20. Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? Of course. What is it? I _ if you could tell me how to fill out the form. A. had wonderedB. was wondering C. would wonder D. did wonder21. I _ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident _. A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred22. The water _ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels23. They _ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go.A. had got B. got C. have got D. get24. If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 oclock. What a pity! Tina _ here to see you. A. is B. was C. would be D. has been25. Before the first non-stop flight in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refuel.A. would be B. have been C. had been D. would have been26. I will come back tomorrow. If only you _ yesterday.A. have comeB. had come C. came D. would come27. The crazy fans _ for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait28. No sooner _ themselves in their seats in the theatre _ the curtain went up.A. they have settled; before B. had they settled; thanC. have they settled; when D. they had settled; than29. By this time next year he _ from this college.A. will be graduatingB. should be graduatingC. will have graduatedD. is graduating 30. If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have toC. do n