产业集群及其分析外文翻译.doc

产业集群及其分析外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目: Industry Clusters and Industry Cluster Analysis出 处: 2006, Regional Economic Development, Pages 237-241 作 者: Robert J. Stimson, Roger R. Stough and Brian H. Roberts 6.1 A New Context Early chapters in this book discussed how, during the three decades that followed the end of World War II, governments of all persuasion had embarked upon programs to develop national industries to create employment and to achieve greater self-sufficiency in the production of domestic goods and services. Large heavy industry and assembly towns emerged under national industry plans. Many of those industries had strong horizontal and vertically integrated systems of production orientated to the manufacture of total or fully assembled products. Interaction between industry sectors was limited, and there was significant duplication of research, service provision and resource consumption. National industries were also protected by tariffs and monopoly provisions, leading to inefficiencies, reduced competitiveness and declining innovation. By the 1980s, national restructuring policies, globalization and new production technology began challenging traditional production systems leading to emerging global corporations looking at ways to improve efficiencies and competitiveness. Industry clusters, involving the concentrated production in specialized commodities and merchandise products or services, have played a leading role in the development of cities, nations and trade for over three millennia. Thus there is nothing new in the concept of industry clusters. However, the industry clusters of the past are very different from the clusters that drive regional economies today. Many elements of old industry clusters still survive despite many of their core elements either disappearing or relocating to lower cost production centers. Old industry clusters were firmly entrenched in manufacturing. The new industry clusters?especially in developed economies?combine services with technology and/or high value added production processes. Undoubtedly there has been a growing interest by governments, international development agencies and business in the value of, facilitating the growth of industryclusters to support regional and local community economic development Jacobs and deJong 1992; Anderson 1994; Enright 1995; Porter 1998; Bergman and Feser 1999a. The successful development of industry clusters requires careful analysis into the way clusters function, the smart infrastructure needed to support their development, and the processes required to mobilize support to facilitate cluster development. This chapter examines factors that have led to the changing nature of industry clusters. The concept of industry clusters as a new strategy for regional economic development is outlined, and it is demonstrated how new industry clusters are of ten the key drivers of metropolitan regional economies in the post-industrial era of the information age. The chapter proceeds to discuss how industry clusters are identified and analyzed, and what the lessons are for regions seeking to undertake cluster-based development. Case studies are presented showing different applications of industry cluster analysis ICA.6.2 Globalization, Industry Structure and Localization In earlier chapters, it was discussed how, since the 1970s, transformations have been taking place globally in the economic development and structure of nations, cities and regions, with the shift from the old industrial Fordist to the new postindustrial post-Fordist era of the services and information economy. The international economy is being driven increasingly by financial and information markets that support production processes that are intricately linked to each other in different parts of the world. Multi-national corporations orchestrate synchronized production systems in regions of the world that have competitive advantage in the production and distribution of goods and services Porter 1990. Information technology continues its rapid penetration into every sphere of national and local economies helping to create new products and integrate markets Carnoy et al.1993. At the same time, production systems are requiring new skills and strategies to cope with dramatically accelerating change driven by globalization. These massive changes to production, trade, information and employment are driving firms and nations to put in place measures to improve their competitiveness. Paradoxically, as the global economy gets larger the component parts of the economy are getting smaller. Naisbitt 1994 shows how “we are making business units smaller and smaller so we can more efficiently compete and globalize our economies”petitiveness now has a significant impact on investment location decisions Porter 1998, and this can be enhanced through the strategic alliances and supply linkages between firms, and by the development of industry clusters, and through the agglomeration of related activities in particular regions or locations within cities.6.2.1 An Old Issue Considered in a New Context? Modern Theory of Industrial Districts It may be claimed that industry clusters are groups of industries that are highly interdependent in that they buy and sell from each other, and that their products are functionally interrelated, so that their components sectors or industries are usually geographically concentrated in specific regions or in specific parts of states or metropolitan regions. But this notion is not new. Stigler 1951 provided the first analytical treatment of what determines the division of labor within and across firms. He suggested that for a firm producing a particular specialized manufactured input in-house where level of cost minimizing production is greater than that required to satisfy the firms own needs, then it is reasonable to suggest that the firm may spin-off the inputs of production, this being converted into external spatial division of labor with the original producer having reduced costs and the number of independent producers having increased. Later Scott 1986, 1988, 1992 drew on the notion of markets of hierarchies proposed by Williams 1975 to analyze the division of labor within and between firms as a series of transaction costs, with economies of scope being present when it is more cost effective for the firm to outsource particular functions to move from vertical integration to vertical disintegration, with firms seeking proximity with their key suppliers and other service providers. The assertion is that heightened global competition makes predicting market conditions much more difficult for firms, thus limiting the ability to vertically integrate with standardized production markets. Instead they seek to achieve greater flexibility by contracting out, developing strategic alliances for or as supply chains. All of this encourages proximity between suppliers and buyers, as Scott 1992 shows in an analysis of industry structure in Los Angeles and Gertler 1988 in an analysis of firms in the United Kingdom. Thus, as Sweeney and Feser 1998 note, the modern theory of industrial districts emphasizes spatial proximity for small firms. Humphrey 1995 writes: the basic principle is that clusters of predominantly small firms can gain economies of scale and scope and increased flexibility through specialization and inter-firm cooperation. If they cluster they can be as competitive or more competitive than small firms p. 1. This is in line with new growth theory discussed in Chap. 1, where the emphasis is on business externalities and agglomeration economies, and spill-over effects. Researchers such as Jacobs 1969, Lucas 1988 and Glaeser 1994 have drawn attention to the direct role of cities and regions in spurring national and global economic growth and advancement, particularly through the interaction and mutual learning that takes place between firms in spatial proximity through spillover effects. Empirical studies have tended to either a focus on agglomeration in industrial districts of small firms because of technologically related factors, whereby functionally related firms tend to co-locate in space see, for example the early studies of Czamanski 1964, 1976, or b on second-order clustering patterns of different categories of firms where there is no relationship between plant size and clustering see, for example Barff 1987. In a study of plant size and clusteringof manufacturing activity in North Carolina in the United States, Sweeney and Feser 1998 used statistical spatial analytic techniques to measure the degree of clustering dispersal among different size classes of manufacturing establishments, finding that clustering tendencies were not a progressive function of size per se, but rather as being restricted to particular size classes, with most clustering occurring among establishments in the 20 to 30 worker range, especially within small densities. This confirms the established notion emphasizing agglomeration tendencies of groups of small and medium size firms occur primarily on the basis of flexibility rather than internal economies of scale. However, those authors also note that environmental and land use control and other institutional factors, such as the location of North Carolinas research triangle play an important influencepp. 60?61. They also propose the use of detailed input-output accounts to examine spatial clustering among groups of industries. It is worth bearing in mind this historic context for the analysis of agglomerationin industrial districts in considering the contemporary interest in the concept of industry clusters.6.2.2 New Dimensions of Regional Economic Development The current phase of global economic restructuring and competitiveness has changed five important dimensions of regional economic development which are said to influence the development of industry clusters. These are discussed below. Geographic Scale. Globalization is resulting in the weakening of the nation state with a renewed focus on regions as the centers of economic growth Ohmae 1996. Regions, and more particularly larger metropolitan regions, dominate the growth of employment, investment decisions and distribution networks in a global market place. Traditionally local government jurisdictions have been the geographic scale for focusing development. Today, however, key metropolitan industries are located throughout a region with their linkages spanning the entire area. Increasingly it is the metropolitan region that is the geographic unit of analysis at which competitive economic activities take place, and where prosperity is generated. Regions are not defined by political boundaries, but spread across local and international jurisdictions to encompass the broadest definition of contiguous economic activity. For example, the Shenzen region in the Pearl River Delta areas in Southern China is an integral part of the Hong Kong economy. Most businesses do not confine their economic activity to a specific jurisdictional boundary, and when the form of their organizational dependence is the industry cluster, important economic inter-relationships are even more likely to spread across jurisdictional boundaries Schriner 1995. Industrial Organization. Economic strategies are focused primarily on the company industry sector level. Such strategies fail to recognize the increasing importance of inter-organizational dependencies that exist between industries and companies across industries, regions and nations. Globalization and restructuring in national economies has resulted in the outsourcing of production and services. As developed economies open up to international competition, national industries are not able to compete on price or achieve economies of scale or maintain quality standards, and subsequently restructure or move production offshore. From these restructured industries emerge new hybrid businesses that begin producing and exporting components and services into global markets. This leads to a growing network of suppliers and distributors and the formation of new industry clusters. Economic Inputs. The types and location of input factors crucial to the formation, expansion and attraction of industry are changing. There is a stronger emphasis on networks and clusters, on value adding factors related to efficiency, on technology applications, on skills placement, and on leadership. Instantaneous communication, computer aided design CAD, and microchip technology have become an integral part of economic production and information dissemination processes.译文: 产业集群及其分析 Robert J. Stimson, Roger R. Stough and Brian H. Roberts 2006年,区域经济发展, 第237-241页 6.1新的内涵 在本书中前些章节,讨论了在二战结束后的三十年里,各国政府如何着手发展民族工业来创造就业并争取在国内产品的生产和服务上更好地自给自足。在民族工业计划下,大型重型工业和装配城镇不断崛起。许多这样的工业,定位发展完全制造或者全面的装配产品,有较强的横向和纵向的生产综合系统。工业部门之间的相互作用是有限的,并且有显著的重复研究、服务条款及资源消耗。民族工业受到关税和专有规定的保护,导致效率低、竞争力下降、创新衰退。到了1980年代,国家的重整政策、全球化和新生产技术开始挑战传统的生产体系,引起了正在寻找提高效率和竞争力方法的全球性公司的兴起。 产业集群的浓缩生产,包括在专业商品和商品的产品的集中生产或者服务,在城市、国家和贸易发展超过三千年来,都起到了主导作用。因此集群的概念上没有新的内涵。然而,过去的产业集群与现在的能推动区域经济的集群有很大的不同。老产业集群中的许多要素仍然存在,尽管许多核心要素或消失或者迁移到较低成本的生产中心。老工业集群坚定扎根于制造业。新兴工业集群,尤其是在发达的国家,结合服务与技术或者高附加值生产过程。 毫无疑问的是,政府、国际发展机构以及商业机构对它有日益增长的兴趣,促进产业集群的增长来支持区域和地方的经济发展Jacobs and deJong 1992; Anderson 1994; Enright 1995; Porter 1998; Bergman and Feser 1999。成功的发展产业集群需要仔细分析集群方式,灵活的基础设施功能需要支持他们的发展,必须要求动员支持以促进集群发展。 这一章审视了引起产业集群性质改变的因素。产业集群的概念作为一种新的策略进行了区域经济发展,是新产业集群了十个大都市的核心驱动力后工业化的区域经济的时代信息时代。 这一章开始讨论如何识别和分析产业集群,和区域发展从事以集群为基础的发展的经验。案例研究显示了产业集群分析法的不同应用。 6.2全球化,产业结构与定位。 在前几章,讨论了自1970年以来,在经济发展和国家、城市和地区的结构上,随着老工业转变为服务与信息经济的新后工业时代,全球范围内发生了如何的转变。国际经济日益被金融、信息市场所带动。在配套支持了生产过程并复杂地连接了世界不同的地方。跨国公司同步生产系统,在生产和分销商品和服务上波特1990有区域的竞争优势。信息技术将继续快速渗透民族的和地方的经济的各方面来帮助研发新产品和整合市场Carnoy et al.1993。与此同时,生产系统需要新的技术和策略来抗衡驱动,来解决极剧快速的全球化所造成的影响。 这些在生产、贸易、信息与就业上的巨大变化驱动公司和国家提出地方措施来改善提高他们的竞争力。矛盾的是,随着全球经济的扩展,经济的各个组成部分正在缩小。Naisbitt1994说到“我们正在做一项显示商业单位越来越小,所以我们可以更有效地使我们的经济全球化”。现在经济竞争力明显影响了投资地选择波特1998年,这可以通过提高战略联盟和公司间供应联系,也可以通过工业集群的发展,或者通过在城市里特殊区域或者地点进行相关活动的集聚。 6.2.1 新内涵里考虑的一个旧的关注点?现代工业园区理论 它可能声称产业集群是工业的群体,在买卖双方高度相互依存的,并且他们的产品功能相关。因此他们的元件部门和行业通常是地理集中在特定的地区或特定的某些州的都市及地区。但这个想法并不是新的想法。 Stigler 1951提供了第一份在各公司劳动力分工如何决定分析处理方法。 他建议,一个专业制造投入的生产公司,内部生产成本最小化水平最好高于公司需要满足自己的需要,那么可以合理建议公司可能分拆的投入生产,这就被转换到外部的空间分工,有原生产者成本的降低和独立生产者数量的增加。后来斯考特1986年,1988年,1992年吸取威廉1975的层次市场的概念,分析了在公司中或者公司间分工,看成是一系列的交易成本, 处于现在范围经济,当更有效的特殊功能外包公司的垂直整合移动到纵向瓦解,企业寻求对于与他们的关键供应商和其他服务供