2014上海外国语大学本科毕业论文.doc

Angels and Demons- A Tentative Analysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde A Paper Presented toShanghai International Studies University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts BySOMEBODY Under the Supervision ofProf. SUN LiMay, 2014诚信声明本人庄重声明：我所呈交的学士学位论文是在指导老师指导下独立完成的。本论文正文中除已标明引用出处的内容外，不包含任何其他个人或集体发表的研究成果内容。本人明白并完全承担在论文中引用他人科研成果而不注明出处的严重后果。特此声明。 声明人签名：_ 日期：_ Contents Acknowledgements i内容提要 iiAbstract iiiIntroduction 1Chapter One Literature Review 21.1 Historical Background 2 1.2 Literature Background 2Chapter Two The Character Analysis 4 2.1 Angle Dr. Jekyll and Demon Mr. Hyde 4 2.2 Dual Personality 6Chapter Three Psychoanalytical Criticism 8 3.1 Personality Theory 8 3.2 Id, Ego, and Superego in Dr. Jekyll 9Conclusion 14Bibliography 17 AcknowledgementsMy thesis “Angels and Demons-A Tentative Analysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” has drawn upon the advice, encouragement and support of a good number of teachers from Prof. Ms. Sun li. First and foremost, my sincere thanks should go to Ms. Sun li, who has been providing me with technical guidance and assistance step by step throughout the whole process of thesis writing. The existence of this thesis owes much to Ms. Sun lis selflessness, wisdom, time and patience.I would also attribute the completion of this thesis to Ms. Sun li, whose instructions on thesis writing has helped lay a good foundation for the construction of this thesis. I also feel indebted to the authors listed in the References, from whose works I have drawn a great deal of inspiration and ideas.Finally, I would like to recognize the contributions of many people who have helped me but not been adequately acknowledged here.请按要求写内容提要化身博士是英国十九世纪新浪漫主义派的代表小说家罗伯特刘易斯史蒂文森（Robert Louis Stevenson）的小说。小说的主人公杰基尔是个受人敬仰和尊重的医生,却秘密地进行释放身体里的另一个自己的研究。他最终研究出了一种药水，喝完之后，他变成了暴戾凶残的海德。他内心渴望而不敢实现的想法，在变成海德后，全部由海德实现。借助药水，既可以维持杰基尔的形象，又可以将内心压抑着的想法释放出来。 纳博科夫认为，杰基尔是个复合型的人，海德不是由纯粹的恶的因素构成的，另外还有一个由纯粹的善的因素组成的第三个人存在。根据人格系统理论，杰基尔是代表理性、受外界影响、按照“现实原则”活动的自我；海德是不受任何拘束、按照“快乐原则”活动的本我；那第三个人则与代表社会道德标准、按照“至善原则”活动的超我相对等。在正常的情况下，这三个部分是统一的，相互协调。当这三者失去平衡发生冲突时，即导致精神病症和人格异常。 本文立足于纳博科夫对杰基尔的分析，运用精神分析批评中的人格系统理论详细地分析了杰基尔内心的矛盾与冲突，解读其心理机制。海德被杰基尔压制着，但杰基尔通过喝药将其释放出来，海德快乐而又兴奋地做他想做的事情。每当杰基础尔对海德屈服之后，超我会惩罚自我，杰基尔就感到内疚、自卑、有罪，还会产生病痛。本我和超我经常处于不可调和的矛盾中，自我总是试图调和这对相互冲突的力量。药水的失效，加剧了本我、自我和超我在杰基尔体内的斗争。杰基尔选择自杀来结束让他无法忍受的本我、自我和超我之间的矛盾冲突。关键词：史蒂文森；杰基尔；海德；纳博科夫；人格系统理论AbstractDr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde or the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is one of Robert Louis Stevensons novels. Henry Jekyll is a respectable and kind doctor in London. He keeps on researching a way to release the other side of him. He invents a kind of potion. After drinking it, all the elements of evil in his body concentrate, and make him transfer to another person: Hyde, as he is called. Dr. Jekyll is analyzed by many experts and scholars at home and abroad. Most of the studies of Dr. Jekyll are from the perspective of ethics and dual personality. There are a few people who mention that Hyde equals with the id. Based on Vladimir Nabokovs analysis of Dr. Jekyll, this thesis uses the structure of personality theory to interpret the psychological mechanism of Dr. Jekyll. Mr. Nabokov thinks that Dr. Jekyll is a composite being; Mr. Hyde does not form of pure evil; and there is a third, which is made up of the elements of good. According to the structure of personality theory, Dr. Jekyll equals with the ego that represents reason, obeys the external world rules and the reality-principle; Mr. Hyde follows no rules, obtains satisfaction with the pleasure-principle; the third is the superego who holds up certain norms of behavior. The id and the superego are often in conflicts and contradictions, which are always mediated by the ego. If the three are out of balance, the person would have psychological problem, or mental disease. Mr. Hyde is the impulsion desires of Dr. Jekyll, which is restrained by the ego. By drinking the potion, Dr. Jekyll releases his id. Hyde is so happy to do whatever he wants, but Jekyll is regretful and painful towards what Hyde has done, which is the punishment from the superego, or the third. The drug lost its effect, which worsens the conflicts inside Dr. Jekyll. He finishes his own life to end those sufferings. The purpose of this thesis is to alarm modern people to care about their psychological health, and choose a proper way to restrain and release their impulsive desires. Key words: Stevenson; Dr. Jekyll; Mr. Hyde; Nabokov; structure of personality theoryIntroductionRobert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894), a Scottish writer, is known as the representative of Neo-Romanticism. He writes a lot in his short life, including poetry, essays, travel writings, drama, letters, short stories and novels. His main achievement is in the field of novel. The themes of his novels focus on the romantic legends and the mysterious adventures. Treasure Island is his most popular one. It is also the one that Chinese people most familiar with. People may have no knowledge about R. L. Stevenson, but they do know or hear about it. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde were published in 1886. It is another masterpiece of R. L. Stevenson. Since this novel has been published, the term of Jekyll and Hyde becomes the synonym of dual personality. It is remarked that both Treasure Island and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are fairy tales, the former for children, and the latter for adults. These two books together with his other works have brought Stevenson great success and reputation. For introducing the author, the novel, and the merit of the novel, the background of R. L. Stevensons living time, his own living experiences are mentioned in this thesis. Moreover, his main works, creating principles, writing style, and preparation for finishing Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are introduced, as well as the studies and researches of Dr. Jekyll, which have been done by readers, critics and scholars. The emphasis of this thesis is the character analysis of Dr. Jekyll from the perspective of psychoanalytical criticism. The viewpoint of this thesis is expatiated based on the analysis by Vladimir Nabokov.Chapter One Literature Review1.1 Historical BackgroundSome scholars think that the Victorian Age started from the year of 1832, for the Reform Act was passed in that year. The Reform Act of 1832 is viewed as a new beginning. Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria, 1819-1901) came to the throne in 1837. So, some scholars claim that the Victorian Age began from 1837 to 1901, according to her reign, which is also called Victorian era. The term, Victorian Age, mentioned in this thesis is from 1832 to 1901, which is adopted from A New Anthology of English Literature, edited and annotated by Luo Jingguo. The reign of Queen Victoria was the longest in British history. It was the climax of the British Industrial Revolution and a great expansion of the British Empire. The Englishmen are still so proud when this Age is spoken of today. The Victorian Age was the heyday of British Empires economy, politics, and culture. It was a period, which experiences dramatically changes. The changes and existed problems in political and economic fields sharpened the ideological struggle. In this period, there firstly emerged an open ideological struggle between socialism and the apology for capitalism and imperialism. Those different philosophical thoughts reflected in literary works, leading to different literary schools. The third group, those escapists and pessimists, who disappointed with the dreadful reality, had no interest in bettering or changing it. They either confined themselves in the ivory tower of art or sought spiritual refuge in far-far-away or long-long-ago romances. Robert Louis Stevenson belonged to the latter.1.2 Literature BackgroundLiterary works in Victorian Age were multifarious. From all angles, it reflected the variety of the social situation and changes in peoples lives and the society. Its main forms in that Age were poetry, novel, prose, and essays. It included romanticism, realism, critical realism, naturalism, new romanticism, aestheticism and many other schools. Novel, chiefly the realistic novel, gradually replaced poetry, becoming the dominant form in Victorian literature. Many prose-writers appeared in the mid and late period in this age. Drama did not prosper in this period. There was almost no playwright worthy to be mentioned, except Oscar Wilde, who produced great drama at the end of the century. His comic plays satirized upper-class manners and morals.There were certain social conditions that contributed to the prosperity of novel in Victorian Age. First of all, the increased amount of readers. During the industrial revolution, urban population added quickly. Take London as example, its population was 2 million at the year when Queen Victoria ascended the throne. Then to the year of her death, the population grew to 6.5 million. The increase of the population means the increase of the readers. Second, the price of books got down. The skills of printing and papermaking were more advanced. The cost of production was lower than before. Moreover, a lot of libraries were constructed. People could read books without buying them. Furthermore, the writer has become a kind of profession. Men of letters were able to make a living by writing. Many people chose writing as their occupation. Last but not least, reading the novels was a favorable way of entertainment, which was especially loved by the wealthy middle-class. Chapter Two The Character AnalysisDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is quite different from his other masterpieces. R. L. Stevenson often tries new ways of writing. “Once he said that the true artist will vary his method and change the point of attack. That which was in one case an excellence, will become a defect in another; what was the making of one book, will in the next be impertinent or dull.” Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a great success, even greater than Treasure Island. There are many elements that contribute its success: R. L. Stevensons talent of story-telling, the excellent skills of narration, and the interest plot of the story, the outstanding description of the contradictions and the conflicts, and so on. The most merit in the novel is that there is no influence from God or devil towards the leading character. Before and in Mr. Stevensons time, there are many novels about a person lured by devil and rescued by God. This kind of theme can also be found in Mr. Stevensons work. 2.1 Angle Dr. Jekyll and Demon Mr. HydeAngle or demon is in the field of Ethics, certain system of moral principles, is a branch of philosophy, which deals with values relating to human actions. It is a kind of standard to judge peoples motives or actions. It includes numerous elements. Angle and demon is just the basic ones of them. The traditional opinion is that Dr. Jekyll represents the good, whereas Mr. Hyde is on the behalf of evil. Henry Jekyll was born in a wealthy family, had a good education, and was respected by the people who knew him. He was a prominent, popular scientist in London. He was a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty. He was a M.D. (Doctor of Medicine), D.C.L. (Doctor of Civil Law), F.R.S. (Fellow of the Royal Society), and so on. Therefore, people took him as good man for granted. Instead of doing evil things, he contributed much to charities. Compared with him, Mr. Hyde was totally a demon. Hyde, the last name of Edward Hyde, means “hide”. The metaphor is that Henry Jekyll hid in Edward Hyde. Utterson, the lawyer and friend of Dr. Jekyll once punned on his name: “If he be Mr. Hyde, I shall be Mr. Seek.”Hyde actually comes to represent the embodiment of pure evil merely for the sake of evil. Readers first encounter with him is that he is seen running over a young girl, simply trampling over her body and leaving her screaming on the ground. He does not do this out of spite-or intentionally; it is simply an amoral act, although he makes reparations. He raises a fear, and a deep loathing to other people in his first appearance, except this, Hydes features, something displeasing, something ugly, and something deformed, makes people horrible at the first sight to see him. Looking at his face could raise peoples desire to strike out at him and kill him. The following is the descriptions of Hydes appearance. “but gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running.”, “every time he looked at my prisoner (Mr. Hyde), I saw that Sawbones turn sick and white with desire to kill him.” , “He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something down-right detestable. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldnt specify to point.” From the above, Edward Hyde is known as a horrible ugly and deformed being. His appearance merely scared readers and other characters in the novel, no matter to mention his frightening behaviors. He is much younger than Jekyll. Besides, he is much smaller than Dr. Jekyll, whose clothes are far too large for him. Since Hyde represents the purely evil in Dr. Jekyll, his appearance symbolically suggests his detested evil deeds. Except the terrible and disgusting look, Hydes actions make people feel scared. His servants are extremely frightened of him. When they think he is around the house, the servants cringe in horror, and some go into hysterics; on the contrary, Dr. Jekyll has a tall, handsome figure, and a good set of features, which symbolically represents the brightness of good. He is loved and respected by his friends, servants and the people who know him. It seems that Mr. Hyde is unable to cease violence. What is more, his demon becomes more and more pronounced. Mr. Hyde startles the whole London a year after his first appearance. He commits a murder. The victim, Sir Danvers Carew, an aged beautiful gentleman with high position, is bludgeoned to death by a heavy cane for absolutely no reason rather than inquiring his way with a very pretty manner of politeness. Readers are shocked too, and believe deeply without any doubt that Edward Hyde is an evil man. He is made up of pure evil elements. He is a representative of evil. He is demon, whereas Dr. Jekyll stands for good. 2.2 Dual PersonalityDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is so popular that the term Jekyll and Hyde becomes the nickname of dual personality, and collected in dictionaries. For example, in Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary, it is explained: “Single person with two personalities, one good (Jekyll) and one bad (Hyde)”Readers are prone to analyze Dr. Jekyll from the perspective of ethics approach. Obviously, Dr. Jekyll is good, Mr. Hyde is evil. But those readers forget one established fact that Mr. Hyde comes out from Dr. Jekyll. They two actually are one. Moreover, this interpretation does not conform to the purpose of Stevenson to create this novel. He planned to shape a character with two opposite sides in one body. The character was tortured by the violent conflict between the two contradictory sides. Dr. Jekyll is a famous and respectable person with high social statue in London. He has an admirable life. However, to everyones surprise, the violent, terrible, inhuman, and ape-like Hyde is him too. When he is Henry Jekyll, he attends and organizes parties, drinks and chats with friends, and does charity works. When he is Edward Hyde, he is apt to get angry, and makes violent actions. He tramples on a small girl. He bludgeons an old man to death, which shock every human being. Towards Jekyll, kind readers have much more sympathy rather than hatred, because the readers see clearly that the intense struggles between the good and the evil inside his body. He conflicts fiercely on whether to transform or not. Finally, his instinctual impulsion wins over his conscious of obeying the moral rules. Though he is happy to be Hyde, he suffers much and painfully for what Hyde did. He cannot help drinking the down-to-Hyde drug. He tries his best to control his desire of becoming Hyde. However, Hyde gradually begins to take the ascendancy over the good Dr. Jekyll. Besides, the potion of back-to-Jekyll loses efficacy. Edward Hyde never ever changes back to Henry Jekyll. Desperately and hopelessly, he kills himself to finish this painful alternation. Avoiding breaking the Victorian morals rules and law regulations, Dr. Jekyll restrains and oppresses the other kind of desire inside his body. He keeps on finding a way to release it, for the process of suffering the struggle is beyond his ability to bear. The release of other side pleases him, and brings him great happiness, though it is very short. Readers follow the steps of Mr. Utterson, the Holms-like layer to detect and discover Jekylls secret. Toget