高考英语二轮复习 第3模块 阅读理解 专题8 科普知识型阅读理解精品课件 粤教版.ppt

专题八科普知识型阅读理解 专题八 专题导读 科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材 其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化 以介绍某一科学现象居多 科普类文章具有结构严谨 逻辑性强等特点 其主要命题形式有事实细节题 词义猜测题 推理判断题以及主旨概括题等 其中推理判断题居多 这类文章的总体特点是 科技词汇多 句子结构复杂 理论性强 逻辑严谨 具体说来它有以下特点 专题八 专题导读 1 文章中词汇的意义比较单一 稳定 简明 不带感情色彩 具有单一性和准确性的特点 这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比 比喻 夸张等修辞手法 一词多义的现象也不多见 2 句子结构较复杂 语法分析较困难 为了描述一个客观事物 严密地表达自己的思想 作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句 3 常使用被动语态 尤其是一些惯用被动句式 专题八 真题典例 2011 湖南卷 arecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheafricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct 不同的 species thediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatyorkandharvarduniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephants theasianelephant africanforestelephant andafricansavannaelephant oncetheyobtaineddnasequences 序列 fromtwofossils 化石 mammothsandmastodons theteam 专题八 真题典例 comparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants theyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasasianelephantsandmammoths thescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheafricansavannaelephantandtheafricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears thedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofasianelephantsandwoollymammoths thisresultamazedallthescientists therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies 专题八 真题典例 previously manynaturalistsbelievedthatafricansavannaelephantsandafricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespecies despitetheelephants significantsizedifferences thesavannaelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof3 5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2 5metres thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant butthefactthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies howevertheprooflayintheanalysisofthedna alfredroca assistantprofessorinthedepartmentofanimalsciencesattheuniversityofillinois said we 专题八 真题典例 nowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservationpurposes since1950 allafricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority 优先 forconservationpurposes 1 oneofthefossilsstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof a theasianelephantb theforestelephantc thesavannaelephantd themastodonelephant 专题八 真题典例 2 theunderlinedword divergence inparagraph4means a evolutionb exhibitionc separationd examination 3 theresearchers conclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheafricanelephant s a dnab heightc weightd population 专题八 真题典例 4 whatarealfredroca swordsmainlyabout a theconservationofafricanelephants b thepurposeofstudyingafricanelephants c thewaytodivideafricanelephantsintotwounits d thereasonforthedistinctionofafricanelephants 5 whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage a naturalists beliefsaboutelephantsb amazingexperimentsaboutelephantsc anunexpectedfindingaboutelephantsd alongscientificdebateaboutelephants 专题八 真题典例 解析 本文为科普说明文 主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果 非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种 非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象 1 d细节理解题 根据第三段 oncetheyobtaineddnasequences 序列 fromtwofossils 化石 mammothsandmastodons theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants 可判断选d 2 c词义猜测题 根据第四段 thescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheafricansavannaelephantandtheafricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears 可知 科学家已证实 非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种 即可推断下句为 两种大象的分离应发生在 由此可推断划线词应意为 分离 故选c 专题八 真题典例 3 a细节理解题 根据第三段 oncetheyobtaineddnasequences 序列 fromtwofossils 化石 mammothsandmastodons theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants theyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasasianelephantsandmammoths 可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的dna研究结果的基础上的 故选a 专题八 真题典例 4 a逻辑推理题 根据最后一段中的 nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority 优先 forconservationpurposes 可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的 故选a 5 c主旨大意题 根据主题段第一段可知 本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果 非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种 由此判断选c 专题八 新题预测 一 scientistsatharvarduniversityandbatescollegefindfemalechimpanzees 黑猩猩 appeartotreatsticksasdolls carryingthemarounduntiltheyhavechildrenoftheirown youngmalesengageinsuchbehaviormuchlessfrequently thenewworkbysonyam kahlenbergandrichardw wrangham describedthisweekinthejournalcurrentbiology providesthefirstevidenceofawildnon humanspeciesplayingwithdolls aswellasthefirstknownsexdifferenceinawildanimal schoiceofplaythings 专题八 新题预测 thetworesearcherssaytheirworkaddstoagrowingbodyofevidencethathumanchildrenareprobablybornwiththeirownideasofhowtheywanttobehave ratherthansimplymirroringothergirlswhoplaywithdollsandboyswhoplaywithtrucks dollplayamonghumanscouldhaveitsoriginsinobject carryingbyearlierapes 猿类 theysay suggestingthattoyselectionisprobablynotdueentirelytosocialization inhumans thereareobvioussexdifferencesinchildren stoyplay andtheseareremarkablysimilaracrosscultures sayskahlenberg whilesocializationbyeldersandpeershasbeentheprimaryexplanation ourworksuggeststhatbiologymayalsohaveanimportantroletoplayinactivitypreferences 专题八 新题预测 in14yearsofdataonchimpanzeebehavioratthekibalenationalparkinuganda kahlenbergandwranghamcountedmorethan100examplesofstick carrying someyoungchimpanzeescarriedsticksintothenesttosleepwiththemandononeoccasionbuiltaseparatenestforthestick wehaveseenjuvenilesoccasionallycarryingsticksformanyyears andbecausetheysometimestreatedthemratherlikedolls wewantedtoknowifingeneralthisbehaviortendedtorepresentsomethinglikeplayingwithdolls sayswrangham aprofessoratharvard ifthedollhypothesis 假设 wasright wethoughtthatfemalesshouldcarrysticksmorethanmalesdo andthatthechimpanzeesshouldstopcarryingsticks 专题八 新题预测 whentheyhadtheirfirstchild wehavenowwatchedenoughyoungchimpanzeestoprovebothpoints 1 whatdoesafemalechimpanzeedowithsticks a shegivesthemtoherchildtoplaywith b shetreatsthemasdolls c shemakesusefultoolsfromthem d shetreatsthemasweapons 2 whatcausesthedifferenttoyselectionofchimpanzees accordingtothepassage a sexdifference b socialization c environment d culturaldifference 专题八 新题预测 3 wecaninferfromthefourthparagraphthat a socializationhasnothingtodowithhuman schoiceofplaythingsb sexdifferenceistheonlyfactorinhuman schoiceofplaythingsc thebiologyfactormayalsoinfluencetoychoiced peoplechoosedifferenttoysindifferentcultures 4 wranghamprobablybelievesthat a observingsomanychimpanzeeshasbeenenoughforthemtomakeaconclusionb thestudyproveshumanbeingshaveevolved 进化 fromchimpanzeesc allchimpanzeestreatthesticksasdollsd childrenplayingwithsticksareabnormal 专题八 新题预测 5 itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat a bothhumansandchimpanzeeschoosetheirplaythingsduetosexdifferenceb differentfactorscausehumansandchimpanzeestochoosedifferentplaythingsc onlyfemalechimpanzeeshaveplaythingsd chimpanzeesusuallychooseplaythingsfortheirchildren 专题八 新题预测 解析 本文是科普文 研究发现 雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃 1 b细节理解题 从文章第一段可知 雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃 2 a细节理解题 综合分析文章可知 性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因 3 c推理判断题 从第四段可知 这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好 4 a推理判断题 从第五段最后一句可知答案 5 a推理判断题 综合文章信息可知 无论是人类还是黑猩猩 性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因 专题八 新题预测 二 wehavemettheenemy andheisours weboughthimatapetshop whenmonkey pox adiseaseusuallyfoundintheafricanrainforest suddenlyturnsupinchildrenintheamericanmidwest it shardnottowonderifthediseasethatcomesfromforeignanimalsishominginonhumanbeings mostoftheinfections 感染 wethinkofashumaninfectionsstartedinotheranimals saysstephenmorse directorofthecenterforpublichealthpreparednessatcolumbiauniversity 专题八 新题预测 it snotjustthatwe regoingtowheretheanimalsare we realsobringingthemclosertous popularforeignpetshavebroughtawholenewdiseasetothiscountry astrangeillnesskilledisaksen spets andshenowthinksthatkeepingforeignpetsisabadidea idon tthinkit sfairtohavethemaspetswhenwehavesuchalimitedknowledgeofthem saysisaksen lawsallowingtheseanimalstobebroughtinfromdeepforestareaswithoutstrictcontrolneedchanging sayspeterschantz monkey poxmaybethe wake up call researchersbelieveinfectedanimalsmayinfecttheirowners weknowverylittleaboutthese 专题八 新题预测 newdiseases anewbug 病毒 maybekindatfirst butitmaydevelopintosomethingharmful monkey poxdoesn tlookamajorinfectiousdisease butitisnotimpossibletopassthediseasefrompersontoperson 1 welearnfromparagraph1thatthepetsoldattheshopmay a comefromcolumbiab preventusfrombeinginfectedc enjoybeingwithchildrend sufferfrommonkey pox 专题八 新题预测 2 whydidisaksenadvisepeoplenottohaveforeignpets a theyattackhumanbeings b weneedtostudynativeanimals c theycan tliveoutoftherainforest d wedonotknowmuchaboutthemyet 3 whatdoesthephrase thewake upcall inparagraph3mostprobablymean a anewdiseaseb aclearwarningc adangerousanimald amorningcall 专题八 新题预测 4 thetextsuggeststhatinthefuturewe a mayhavetofightagainstmorenewdiseasesb mayeasilygetinfectedbydiseasesfromdogsc shouldnotbeallowedtohavepetsd shouldstopbuyingpetsfromafrica 5 thelastparagraphmeans a weshouldhavelaws