定于从句讲解.doc

好读书教育 好读书中高考学校 陈子豪专用复合句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。定语从句高考考点：考点一：定语从句的分类 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 特殊形式的定语从句考点二：关系代词的用法 who,whom的用法 whose的用法 which的用法 that的用法 as的用法 关系代词用法的区别考点三：关系副词的用法 when的用法 where的用法 why的用法考点四：“介词+关系代词”结构与介词的选用 “介词+which”可以替代when,where,why等。 关系代词前介词的确定记忆：关系代词：who(主、宾、表),whom（宾）,whose（定）, Which（主、宾、表）,that（主、宾、表）,as（主、宾、表）关系副词：where,when,why 定语从句的分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。（1）限制性定语从句限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与先行词间的关系非常密切，如果去掉，则句子意思含糊不清。Who were the woman that Peter thought needed this advice?A doctor is a person who cures patients.（2）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少也不会影响对全句的理解。非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号与先行词隔开，若将非限制性定语从句放在中间，前后都需要用逗号隔开。This gift was the Amber Room ,which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it .Yesterday Jimmy left for Canada ,where he had stayed two years.使用非限制性定语从句的情况：当关系代词指代整个主句内容时，用非限制性定语从句She said she had finished he work,which I doubted very much.当先行词指的是世界上独一无二或专有名词时，用非限制性定语从句The moon ,which is 384400KM away from the earth ,creates many beautiful stories.“名词、数词、代词+介词+关系代词”结构常用于非限制性定语从句。I have three foreign teachers ,two of whom are from Canada.区别点：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系紧密，删除后影响整个主句意思的表达疏松，只是补充说明，删除后不影响整个句子意义的表达逗号的有无其前不用逗号其前有逗号that的使用可用不可用which/who在从句中作宾语时是否可省略可省略不可省略whom 在从句中作宾语时是否可用that 或who 替代可替代不可替代是否可修饰句子不可可修饰整个句子，此时有逗号隔开，只能有which 或as 引导翻译时的区别常译为前置定语常译为并列的分句读时是否停顿不停顿读时停顿（3）特殊形式的定语从句分隔式定语从句所谓分隔式定语从句时指为了某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离开的定语从句。I have a picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.The day are gone when we lived together , worked together and played together.混杂式定语从句有时定语从何的关联词与其后的词之间会有一个像I think,I believe,I guess,I except,I am sure,they say 等类似插入语，使定语从句更加复杂。James is the only one who we expect will win .多重定语从句两个或多个定语从句同时修饰一个先行词时。I find it hard to leave the land where I have lived for 30 years and where there are sweet memories of my childhood. 关系代词的用法关系代词指代的是先行词在定语从句中所作的主语、宾语、表语。作宾语时，口语常省略；如果关系代词作介词的宾语且介词提到关系代词的前面时，则不能省略。（1）who,whom的用法二者都用于指人。who 可在定语从句中作主语，宾语和表语whom 在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略。The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.It was in 1952 and Matte was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.（2）whose的用法whose 既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语。Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.（救援人员为那些家园被摧毁的幸存者盖起了避难所）（3）which的用法which 指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语。作宾语时可以省略。There his parents bought a candy store (which ) they ran for the next 40 or so years.（4）that的用法that 指人或物，指人时可以与who，whom互换；指物时可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。Jack is no longer the person (that/who/whom)I met five years ago.Views that/which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.(那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许很难被接受)（5）as的用法关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。 引导限制性定语从句。先行词前常有so,such,the same等词。其中关系代词as在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.(as 作主语)He is not the same man as he was.（as作表语）引导非限制性定语从句。表示说话的人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。此时as可以翻译为“正如、像”等。由as引导的从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。Einstein ,as we know(=as is wellknown ),is a famous scientist.As I remember,there was a net bar around here.注意！主谓一致。（1） 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的形式取决于先行词，先行词是单数时，从句谓语动词用单数，先行词是复数时，从句谓语动词用复数。Mr .Smiths,who is now downstairs ,is asking to see you.The Smiths ,who are now downstairs ,are asking to see you.（2）关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容，作从句主语时，从句谓语动词用单数形式。Great changes have taken place in China ,as is known to all.（3） 先行词为“one of +复数名词”形式时，关系代词作主语谓语动词用复数形式。The Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.（4） 当先行词是“the only one of +复数名词”时，定语从句谓语动词要用单数形式。The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.（6）关系代词用法的区别宜用that不宜用which的情况：A. 当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,anything,everything,nothing,none,some等时。He did everything that he could to help us .All that can be done has been done.B. 先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,the only,the very,the right,the last,few,just等修饰时。All the things that we can do is to give you some advice.C. 先行词即有人又有物时。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in school.D. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Who is the man that is standing at the tree?宜用which不用that的情况：A. 关系代词前有介词时。The house in which I used to live has become a candy shop.B. 在非限制性定语从句中。C. 先行词本身就是that时。Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?宜用who不用that的情况：A. 先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one,ones,anyone等。The ones who flatter me dont please me.(那些奉承我的人并不能取悦我)B. 先行词为those时，关系代词宜用who。真题：1. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others , ,of course,made all others upset.A.who B.which C.what D.that 2. The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other .A.they B.where C.what D.that 3. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of uses it somewhat differently.A.which B.what C.them D.those 4. The newlybuilt cafe,the walls of are painted light green ,is really a peaceful place for us ,especially after work .A.that B.it C.what D.which 5. Iv become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year.A. who B.where C.when D.which 6. In front of the whole class, he made his promise he would win the prize.A. that B.which C.what D.whether 关系副词的用法（1）when的用法when指时间，在从句中作时间状语。它的先行词为time,day,morning,week,year等。It was a time when there were many great philosophers.（在这一时期，出现了许多伟大的思想家。）（2） where的用法where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常为place,stress,house,city,town,room,country,等。（where在引导定语从句还可以修饰表示抽象空间的概念的名词，如：case情况，situation情形，position位置，stage阶段，point地步，等。）The city where I grew up is very hot and damp(潮湿) in summer.（3） why的用法why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting .真题：1. The day are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living .A.when B.that C.where D.which 2. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A.which B.where C.who D.that 3. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut ? You should try the barbers I go .Its only 15.A.as B.which C.where D.that 4. The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister she would stay for an hour ,A.where B.who C.which D.what 5. What do you think of teaching Bob? I find it fun and challenging .It is a job you are doing something serious but interesting .A.where B.which C.when D.that “介词+关系代词”结构与介词的选用（1） “介词+which”可以替代when,where,why 等替代when，在定语从句中作时间状语。Ill never forget the days on which (=when )we studied together,替代where，在定语从句中作地点状语。This is the town in which (=where) S