大气颗粒在2008年北京奥运会的污染问题.doc

Atmospheric Particulate Matter Pollution during the 2008 Beijing Olympics大气颗粒在2008年北京奥运会的污染问题College of Urban and Environmental Science, PekingUniversity, Beijing, China 100871, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, and Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Received March 10, 2009. Revised manuscript received May 28, 2009. Accepted June 3, 2009.中国北京大学城市与环境科学学院，北京，中国100871， 环境与分子毒理学，俄勒冈州立大学化学系，科瓦利斯，俄勒冈州97331。收稿日期： 09年3月10日 最后修改：2009年5月28 日 录用日期：2009年6月3日 Size fractionated particulate matter (PM) samples (including PM2.5 and PM10) were collected at Peking University in Northwestern Beijing, China for a 2 week period prior to the Olympics, during the 2 week period of the Olympics, and for a 4 week period following the 2008 Olympics, during bothsourcecontrolandnonsourcecontrolperiods.PM10 concentrationsin this study were high correlated with, but a factor of 1.3times higher than, the Beijing Environmental Protection BureausPM10 concentrations at near-by sites because of differencesin the measurement methods used. The mean PM2.5 and PM10concentrations were statistically different, and lower by 31and 35%, during the Olympic period compared to the non-Olympic period. However, the PM concentrations werenot statistically different between the source control andnonsource control periods. While meteorological parameters(air masses from the south and precipitation) accounted for 40%of the total variation in PM10 concentration, source controlaccounted for 16%, suggesting that meteorology accounted formore of the variation in PM concentration than sourcecontrol measures. The PM10 concentrations in Beijing duringthe Olympic period were 2.9, 3.5, and 1.9 times higher than thosein Atlanta, Sydney, and Athens. In addition, the PM2.5 andPM10 concentrations during the Olympic period exceeded theWHO 24-h guideline 100% and 81% of the time, respectively.Finally, the PM10 concentrations in October, November,and December 2008 were reduced by 9-27% compared tothe same months in 2007, suggesting that the Olympic sourcecontrol efforts (and possibly a down turn in the economy)have resulted in lower PM10 concentrations in Beijing.位于北京西北部的北京大学分别对奥运会之前两周、奥运会期间的两周以及2008年奥运结束后的四周之内的大小分馏颗粒物（PM）样本（包括PM2.5和PM10的）在源控制与非源控制时期进行了采集。研究表明，除了由于不同的监测站测量的方法不同而使可吸入颗粒物浓度比北京市环保局在其附近的检测点测得的浓度大1.3倍以外，可吸入颗粒物浓度在这项研究中的相关性还是很高的。对平均PM2.5和PM10的不同浓度进行统计发现，与非奥运期间相比，奥运会期间PM2.5和PM10的浓度分别降低了31%和35%。不过PM浓度在源控制去与非源控制区之间没有很大的差异。虽然气象参数（来自南方的气团和降水）占气团在可吸入颗粒物浓度的的40，源控制占16，表明气象因素对PM浓度的变化影响比源控制措施占的比例更多。北京的可吸入颗粒物浓度在奥运会期间分别比亚特兰大，悉尼和雅典高出2.9，3.5和1.9倍。在奥运会举办期间PM2.5和可吸入颗粒物浓度分别有100和81的天数超过世卫组织24 H空气质量标准。最后，可吸入颗粒物浓度在2008年10月，11月、12月比2007年同月减少了9-27，表明奥林匹克源控制工作（也可能是打开了经济）导致在北京的可吸入颗粒物浓度更低。IntroductionAtmospheric particulate matter (PM) is composed of amixture of various sized particles that have potentially toxicchemicals sorbed to them. These particles are mainly distributed in two fractions: fine particles (aerodynamic diameters 2.5 m) (1, 2). Fine particles are a concern for human lungs because they can be deposited more deeply in the lungs than coarse particles (2, 3). Several studies have also shown that fine particles are linked to increased respiratory morbidity and mortality (2, 3). Recently, Kan et al. (4) found that, in Shanghai, fine particles (PM2.5) were associated with increased death rates from all causes, including cardiorespiratory diseases. In addition, PM-polluted air is believed to be responsible for about one million premature deaths per year in China (5).导言大气颗粒物（PM）是一个由各种大小的粒子的混合物构成的复杂整体，它可以吸附很多具有潜在毒性的化学物质。这些微粒主要分为两部分：细颗粒物（气动直径小于2.5微米）和粗颗粒（气动直径大于2.5微米）（1,2）微粒与人的肺部健康有很大的关系，因为他们比粗颗粒更容易通过呼吸作用进入人体后沉积在人的肺泡内（2，3）。有好几项研究还表明，微粒与呼吸系统疾病的发病和死亡率的增加有关（2，3）。最近，Kan et al.等发现，在上海，细颗粒物（PM2.5）与人类心肺疾病引起的死亡率增加有关。此外，空气PM污染被认为中国每年一百万人过早死亡的的罪魁祸首。（5）。Beijing (3956Nand 11620E) is the capital of China with a population of over 17 million people and an area of 16 800 km2. Beijing is surrounded by the Yanshan Mountains in the west, north, and northeast which effectively trap air pollutants. In addition, the rapid urbanization and motorization of Beijing (1.39 million motor vehicles in 1999 compared to 3.3 million motor vehicles in 2007) has contributed to the high PM pollution in Beijing (2, 6-11). Dust storm events in the spring, and resuspended dust from traffic and construction activities, further exacerbate thePMpollution in Beijing(2).北京（39 56N，116 20E）是中国首都，拥有着100万的人口和1.68万平方公里领域，环绕北京西北，华北，东北的燕山山脉有效地捕获了空气污染物。此外，快速的城市化和机械化北京（1999年机动车辆139万与2007年机动车辆330万相比）为北京PM高污染作出了贡献（2，6-11）。春天的沙尘暴事件，而交通和建筑活动的悬浮尘埃，一步加剧北京颗粒物污染（2）。 Beijing hosted the 2008 Summer Games of the 29th Olympiad from August 8-24, 2008. In view of the significant air pollution in Beijing, the local governments cooperated to improve air quality during the 2008 Olympic Games. During the Olympic and the Paralympic Games, from July 20 to September 20, 2008, source control measures in Beijingincluded removing approximately one-half of the cars (1.5million cars) off the road on alternate days under aneven-odd license plate system, closing pollution emittingfactories, and slowing down construction activities. In theneighboring Tianjin municipality, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandongprovinces, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,polluting factories were closed and high-emission cars wereremoved from roads (12). In addition, in Beijing, strictervehicle emission standards are being implemented, businessesare switching from coal power to natural gas, andheavy-duty truck traffic has gradually been reduced (12).2008年8月8日-8月24日第29届夏季奥运会在北京举办。鉴于北京的大空气污染，当地政府相互合作，以改善2008年奥运会期间的空气质量。在2008年7月20日到9月20日的奥运会和残奥会中，在北京的源控制措施包括清除大约有一半的汽车（150万辆汽车离开隔日路）实行奇偶车牌制度，关闭污染排放工厂和放缓建筑活动。在周边天津市，河北，山西，山东等地省，内蒙古自治区，产生污染的工厂被关闭，撤销高排放车辆（12）。此外，在北京，实施严格废气排放标准，企业由燃煤转化为然气。同时，重型卡车的交通运行已逐渐减少（12）。 Given the significant international interest in improvingthe air quality of Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games,some studies have attempted to predict the air quality duringthis period based on modeling (13, 14). Using the U.S.Environmental Protection Agencys (USEPA) Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model over theBeijing region, Streets et al. (14) predicted that about 34% ofPM2.5 (on average) at the Olympic Stadium site can beattributed to sources outside of Beijing. The UNEP recentlyreleased an environmental assessment report of the Beijing2008 Olympics games, including an assessment of air quality,which suggests thatPM10 concentration was reduced by 20%during the source control periods (15). Although not at groundlevel, the interpretation of satellite-retrieved aerosol opticalthickness for the Beijing region during the Olympic periodsuggests that the magnitude of aerosol load reduction duringthis period was low (10-15%) compared to meteorologicalvariability (16). 由于2008年奥运会期间提高北京的空气质量，有利于显着改善国际利益。一些研究试图预测期间的空气质量，基于建模这一时期（13，14）。在北京地区，街道等，使用美国环境保护局（环保局）模型- 3 /社区多尺度空气质量（多尺度空气质量）模式。 （14）估计，在奥林匹克体育场约有34的PM2.5污染（平均）是由于北京以外来源的贡献。环境署最近发布了2008年奥运会期间北京的环境评估报告，其中包括对空气质量的评估，这表明在源头控制时期PM10浓度降低20（15）。虽然没有在地面一级，在奥运会举办期间卫星解释检索北京地区光学气溶胶厚度表明，在这一时期大气气溶胶负荷削减幅度比气象变异低（10-15）（16）。The objectives of this study were to (1) determine Beijings atmospheric PM pollution during the Olympic and non-Olympic periods, as well as source control and nonsource control periods; (2) assess the influence of meteorology on PM concentrations; and (3) determine the source regions that influenced Beijings PM concentrations and the effectiveness of source control strategies in reducing PMpollution.本研究的目的是：（1） 确定在奥运会期间和非奥运会期间，以及源控制和非源控制期北京大气颗粒物污染情况;（2） 评估气象对可吸入颗粒物的浓度的影响（3） 确定影响北京的可吸入颗粒物浓度的源区和有效的源控制策略，减少可吸入颗粒物污染。Materials and Methods Sampling. The sampling site was located on the roof of the 7-story Geology Building on the Peking University (PKU) campus, about 25 m above ground. PKU is located in northwestern Beijing and is primarily a residential and commercial area without major industrial sources (Supporting Information (SI) Figure SI.1). Local PM emission sources within 1 km of PKU include vehicular traffic, fuelcombustion for domestic cooking and heating, and construction.The 2008 Olympic table tennis, marathon, andbicycle races were held on or near the PKU campus.材料与方法采样。 采样地点位于北京大学7层建筑的屋顶，大约离地面25米。北京大学位于北京西北部，主要是没有工业污染源的住宅和商业中心区（支持信息（SI）的图SI.1）。北京大学1公里范围内PM来源于汽车，国内炊饮业，取暖和建设等对燃料的燃烧。2008年奥运会在北大校园和其附近举行的乒乓球，马拉松，自行车比赛也是PM的排放源。PM was collected and size fractionated using a three stage High Volume Cascade Impactor (Series 230, Tisch Environmental,Cleves, OH) that operated in accordance with procedures established by USEPA (CFR40, Part 50.11, Appendix B, July 1, 1975, pages 12-16) and ASTM Specification D2009. The Impactor stages consisted of two aluminum plates, with outside dimensions of 6 7 in. that held 5.625 5.375 in. filters with 10 perforated slots, and a base aluminum plate that held an 810 in. filter. The High VolumeCascade Impactor was calibrated according to the manufacturers instructions before use and once per week during the sampling periods. Airborne particles were size fractionated based on their aerodynamic particle diameter and are abbreviated as follows: 10 m(PM10) (top 5.6255.375 in. filter).We calculated the PM10 concentration by summing the PM2.5 and PM2.5-10concentrations.PM的收集和大小分馏使用的是三阶段高容量级冲击（230系列，蒂施环境，克里夫，俄亥俄州），按照由美国环境保护局成立的（CFR40，第50.11，附录程序乙，1975年7月1日，页12-16）和ASTM规格D2009的过程来实行。冲击阶段包括两个铝与6 7英寸外形尺寸是举行5.625板，五点三七五英寸过滤器10穿孔插槽和基地铝板的召开8 10英寸过滤器。高容量级联冲击校准是根据制造商的使用前说明在采样时间每周进行一次。根据他们的空气动力学粒径，对粒子进行大小分馏并缩写如下：“2.5微米（PM2.5）就（底部8 10英寸滤膜），2.5-10微米颗粒（PM2.5 - 10）（中间5.625 5.375英寸滤膜），和“ 10微米（”可吸入颗粒物）（最新5.625 5.375英寸滤膜）。我们通过总结PM2.5和PM2.5- PM10的浓度来计算PM10的浓度。 Sixty-three sets of size fractionated PM samples werecollected continuously over 24 h periods (1500 m3) fromJuly 28 to September 3, 2008 and from September 13 toOctober 7, 2008. Six field blanks were also collected duringthese periods. Samples were not collected from September4 to 12, 2008 because of sampler motor failure. Quartz fiberfilters (Tisch Environmental, Cleves, OH), that were bakedin a furnace at 350 C prior to use, were used for samplecollection and were weighed before and after samplecollection.按大小把PM样品分为63个组持续采样24小时（1500立方米）的量从7月28日至9月3日跟2008年和9月13日08年10月7日两个时间段。在这期间应同时采集6个空白样本。由于采样电机故障，从9月4日至12日没有收集样本。用于样品收集和前后样品称重的石英纤维滤膜（蒂什环境，克里夫，俄亥俄州）在使用前应在350条件下烘烤。 A subset of the filters (33%) was weighed before andafter sample collection, and before and after desiccation for24 h, in accordance with USEPA Method 5 of 40 CFR Part 60(/ttn/emc/methods/method5.html).Thepercent change in filter mass due to desiccation (0-20%)was correlated with the ambient relative humidity (40-95%)during the sample collection period and this relationshipwas used to correct the change in filter mass (see SI). Onlya subset of samples was tested by desiccation and the filterswere not dried at 105 C after sample collection in order tominimize analyte loss and/or sample contamination thatwould affect subsequent semivolatile organic compoundanalysis of the filters. Detailed information on the filter masshumidity correction is given in SI Figure SI.2. 滤膜的一个子集（33）在采样前后都要相同的条件系干燥器中平衡24H后称重，根据的是美国环保局方法5 40 CFR第60条./ttn/emc/methods/method5.html）。在百分比的变化，筛选群众因脱水（0-20）呈正相关，在样本采集时期空气中相对湿度（40-95），这关系用以校正滤膜的质量变化（见SI）的。只有一个滤膜样品子集在采样结束后没有在105条件下干燥，为了使分析物和/对分析滤膜有影响的挥发性有机化合物的损失最小化。图SI.2给出了滤膜质量湿度校正的详细信息。 Meteorological Data. Meteorological data, including windspeed (WS), wind direction (WD), precipitation (Precip),atmospheric pressure (P), temperature (T), and relativehumidity (RH), were simultaneously measured every minuteby HOBO Auto Meteorological Station (Onset Company,Pocasset,MA)at the sampling site during all sample collection periods.气象数据。气象数据，包括风力速度（ws），风向（wd），降水（降雨）， 大气压力（P），温度（T），和相对湿度（RH），同时由好HOBO自动气象站（onset company ,Pocasset, MA）在所有样品采集期间对气象进行记录。Beijing Air Pollution Index PM10 Data. The BeijingEnvironmental Protection Bureaus (Beijing EPBs) Air Pollution ndex (API) PM10 data was used for comparison. The beijing EPBs PM10 measurements were made continuously using Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalances (TEOMRP1400a) as described in USEPA Method IO-1.3 of EPA/625/R-96/010a (/ttn/amtic/inorg.html). We compared our PKU data to the Beijing EPBs data at the following sites: the WanLiu(WL)PM10 Automonitoring Station(located 3 km from our PKU air monitoring site); the Olympic Center (OC)PM10 Automonitoring Station (located 8 km from our PKU site), the Beijing Average API data (the average from all Beijing EPB sites shown in SI Figure SI.1), and the average API data for all of the urban Beijing EPB sites within the 5-Ring Road of Beijing (SI Figure SI.1). The Beijing EPBs API.PM10 values were converted to PM10 concentrations (conWL,conOC, conBeijing, and con5-Ring) in g/m3 as described in ref17. PM2.5 concentrations were not reported by the BeijingEPB during this period so no comparison could be made to our PKU PM2.5 concentrations. 北京空气可吸入颗粒物污染指数数据。北京环境保护局的空气可吸入颗粒物污染指数（API）的数据被用于比较。使用锥形元件振荡微量天平（TEOMRP1400a）美国环保局所述方法的IO - 1.3 EPA/625 /R-96/010a（/ttn/amtic/inorg.html）。对北京市环保局的可吸入颗粒物进行连续测量。我们在下列网站比较了北京大学与北京环保局的数据：the WanLiu（WL），可吸入颗粒物自动监测站（监测点位于北京大学3KM的上空）;的奥林匹克中心（OL）可吸入颗粒物自动监测站（位于距离北京大学8KM处），北京平均空气污染指数数据（北京市环保局各个监测点的平均值在SI如图所示SI.1表中），平均为城市北京环保局与北京五环路之间的所有平均空气污染指数数据（SI图中的SI.1）。北京市环保局的空气可吸入颗粒物污染指数值转换为可吸入颗粒物浓度（conWL，conOC，conBeijing和con5 -环的g/m3）如 ref17所述。奥运会期间北京环保局没有发布关于PM2.5浓度以及对空气质量的评估的环境评估报告，我们无法对北大PM2.5的浓度作出比较。Air Mass Back Trajectories and Data analysis. Four-day air mass back trajectories were calculated using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)s ARL HYSPLIT 4.0 model (with meteorological data from the Global Data Assimilation System, GDAS) (18). For each 24 h sample,seven trajectories were calculated (one every 4 h), including the sample start and stop times. The trajectories were calculated at 50, 150, 250, and 350m asl and S-PLUS version 8.0 (insightful, Seattle, WA) was used for statistical analysis. 空气质量气象轨迹数据分析。使用国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的ARL公司HYSPLIT 4.0模型（由全球气象资料数据同化系统，GDAS）对气团的输送气象资料进行为期4天的计算（18）。对于每24小时采样，7条气象轨迹计算（平均每4小时一次），包括样本开始和结束时间。轨迹的计算在，50，150，250和350masl和S - Plus版本 8.0（洞察力，西雅图，华盛顿州）被用于统计的分析。空气质量回到轨迹和数据分析。为期4天的气团反向轨迹计算使用国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的空气资源实验室HYSPLIT 4.0模型“变形的单一粒子拉格朗日积分轨线模型“（由全球气象资料数据同化系统，GDAS）（18）。对于每24小时采样，7条轨迹计算（1每4小时），包括样本开始和结束时间。是的轨迹计算，50，150，250和350m asl和S - Plus版本8.0(数据分析与统计建模)（Insightful公司，西雅图，华盛顿州）的统计分析。Results and DiscussionComparison of PKU and Beijing EPB PM Data. We chose to compare our PKU PM10 concentrations to the Beijing EPB PM10 concentrations measured at the WanLiu PM10 Automonitoringstation (conWL) because of its close proximity to our PKU site and the Olympics CenterPM10 Automonitoringstation (conOC) because of its proximity to many Olympic events. In addition, we compared our PKU PM10 concentrations to the Beijing average PM10 concentrations (conBeijing) reported by the Beijing EPB and the more urban Beijing EPB sites within the 5-Ring Road of Beijing (con5-Ring).结果和讨论比较北京大学和北京环保局PM的浓度数据。我们选择北京环保局在万柳可吸入颗粒物自动检测站（conWL）与我们在北大可吸入颗粒物浓度站作比较，因为它靠近北大地区和有许多奥运事件的奥林匹克PM10自动检测站（conOC）。此外，我们在比较了北大可吸入颗粒物浓度与由北京环保局和北京市环保局城市网站内报告的北京5环（con5环）公路范围内的平均可吸入颗粒物浓度（conBeijing）。There was significant correlation (p 0.001) between the PKU PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations (SI Table SI.1). In addition, there was significant correlation (p PM10and PM2.5-10 concentrations were reduced by 42%, while thePM2.5 concentrations were reduced by only 31%. 北大PM2.5和PM10的平均浓度在奥运期间有显着差异，PM 浓度比非奥运期间测量的结果低了31至35（表1）。此外，北京大学“可吸入颗粒物和PM2.5 - 10平均浓度降低了42，而PM2.5的浓度下降约31 Based on the PKUPM10 concentration for individual daysduring the Olympic period, 12% of days exceeded the U.S.National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (150 g/m3) for a 24 h period and Chinas Ambient Air QualityStandard (CAAQS) for cities (grade II 150 g/m3) and 81% ofdays exceeded