谈谈说明性文体的阅读理解.doc

谈谈说明性文体的阅读理解深圳市华强职业技术学校张娅玲内容摘要：针对目前中学英语高考中说明性文体文章阅读的考查，本文提出了说明文的体裁的分类及其要点，并就说明性文体的文章阐述了解题方法及在平时教学中应把握的思路。关键词：说明文阅读理解体裁解题方法 一 问题的提出：近年来，无论是全国性的普通高考，还是广东省高职类高考中， 阅读理解题都占了很大的比例：普通高考中阅读理解题数为20題，计分为40分，高职类高考中，阅读理解数为20个，计分60分。而阅读理解所使用的阅读材料又以说明文居多。在历届高考阅读理解题中，至少都有一篇说明文，其内容涉及科技、文化、教育以及社会生活等各个方面。学生要正确理解文章，除了必须掌握足够的词汇，具有较扎实的语法知识和一定的背景知识外，还应熟悉英语说明性文章的文体特点。如何正确理解该类文章；提高准确获取信息的能力；提高语篇的聚合能力；语篇语义的概括能力；语篇内部结构的逻辑分析能力及语篇宏观语境的推断力和想象力，本人根据多年的教学观察，学生信息的反溃，在此提出个人的建议和看法，以求得同仁门的共同商榷与讨论。二 说明文的体裁及解题方法众所周知，说明文是用言简意赅的文字，按照时间、空间、逻辑顺序等介绍事物，理解事理的文体，其宗旨就是要用简明的语言说明一个问题或一个道理。该类文章侧重于对事物进行横向、纵向、表层、内层的剖析解释。英语语篇一般直接切入正题，然后层层展开，其常用方式有：（1） 按时间顺序说明（2） 按空间构成顺序说明（3） 按事物发展构成的逻辑顺序说明说明文的内容纷繁复杂，一般可分为科普类、史地类及社会类等。要读懂这类文章，首先要了解这几大类文章的区别。科普类说明文是以介绍、普及科学知识为主体，它以简洁、平实、易懂的语言向读者传授科学知识。历史类说明文一般以时间顺序排文章，介绍事物从过去到现在，以及将来的发展过程。地理类说明文一般以空间转移为序，介绍某地的位置、特点及人文景观。社会类说明文则涉及人们的观念看法，注重信息传播。一般说来，说明文首先引出要说明的对象或给要说明的对象下个定义，然后对对象的定义进行解释。阅读该类文章时，要理清作者的思想及说明的顺序，读懂文章的主旨，抓住事物的特点以及文章中所使用的说明方法。并以主题为中心，理解句子的内在关系。在高考中，该类说明文文体常通过文章细节的理解，文章主旨的理解，深层理解以及根据上下文猜测词义等各种题型来检测学生知识掌握的程度。以NMET1999年的一篇阅读理解为例：Computer people talk a lot about the need for other people to become “computer-literate”. But not all experts（专家）agree that this is a good idea. One pioneer, in particular, who disagrees is David Tebbutt, the founder of Computertown UK. Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer, David does not see it that way. He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.David Tebbutt thinks Computertowns are most successful when tied to a computer club but he insists there is an important difference between the two. The clubs are for people who have some computer knowledge already. This frightens away non-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computers for them to experiment on, with experts to encourage them and answer any questions they have. They are not told what to do, they find out. The computer experts have to learn not to tell people about computers, but have to be able to answer all questions people ask. People dont have to learn computer terms（术语）, but the experts have to explain in plain language. The computers are becoming “people-literate.NMET 19991. Which of the following is David Tebbutts idea on the relationship between people and computers?A. Computer learning should be made easier.B. There should be more computer clubs for experts.C. People should work harder to master computer use.D. Computers should be made cheaper so that people can afford them.2. We can infer form the text that “computer-literate” means _ .A. being able to afford a computerB. being able to write computer programsC. working with the computer and finding out its valueD. understanding the computer and knowing how to use it 3. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to the idea that computertowns _ A. help to set up more computer clubs B. bring people to learn to use computersC. bring more experts to work together D. help to sell computers to the public4.David Tebbutt started Computertown UK with the purpose of _ .A. making better use of computer expertsB. improving computer programsC. increasing computer salesD. popularizing computers1（A）本小题考查的是考生对细节的理解能力。在本文的第一和第二段作者介绍说，一些搞计算机的人大谈要使更多的人懂得并了解计算机，即变成所谓的“computer-literate”。而一些专家却不这样看，这里面就包括David Tebbutt。在他看来应当“bring computers to people and make the people-literate.”（让计算机更贴近大众）。随后又进一步说明他所采取的一些措施，比如建立了Computertown UK，并请专家用更平实的语言而非电脑术语来解答人们的一些具体问题。从中不难看出其观点：电脑学习应当进行得更加简易。2（D）本题考查的是推断理解的能力。文章第二段末尾出现了与“computer-literate”含义截然相反的“people-literate”。因此只要把people-literate的含义弄清即可推出前者的意思来。从第三段开始，作者着重讲解了如何使电脑变得“贴近大众”及具体的方法（参照上题），从中我们可以看出computer-literate的主张在于是以电脑，而不是以人为本，要求人们通过深奥、难懂的术语来学习和使用电脑。这不正是D项的内容吗？3（B）这道题考查的是考生对细节的理解能力。由第二段第二句话Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer. David does not see it that way.（尽管在许多人看来让人们走近电脑是一个成功的尝试，但David在这个问题上的看法却和他们不同。）可以看出，it在文中是指让人们学会使用电脑这件事。因此选择B项。4（D）本小题考查的是推断理解的能力。文章的第三段着重介绍了他建立Computertown UK的目的：non-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computers for them to experiment on ,with experts to encourage them and answer any questions they haveThe computer experts have to be able to answer all questions people ask. People dont have to learn computer terms, but the experts have to explain in plain language “（让那些非电脑专家们能在Computertown UK上机实际操作，并配以专家解答他们的问题这些专家得回答人们提出的所有的问题。人们无须学习那些计算机术语，但专家们却必须学会用简单的语言加以解释）。这些不都说明他的目的在于使用计算机得以普及吗？阅读的关键在于完整的理解过程，其包括对文章字面意义的理解，也包括推断性的理解。同时还有评价性，欣赏性的理解。字面理解只局限于辩认同义和句法结构，回忆文章的大意和细节等表层意义，这主要依靠语言知识或语言能力完成。推断性理解属于深层理解，则要求能够根据分析和逻辑判断，从上下文推测生词的词义，文章的隐含意义以及作者的观点。以NMET2001年的一篇阅读理解文章为例：Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment (环境) friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of.However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these: “Will this shampoo damage the environment?” “Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green,” that is, friendly to the environment.Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels(标签) to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it. ”The public pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act.1. It becomes clear from the text that the driving force(动力) behind green products is _A. public caring for the environmentB. companies desire for bigger salesC. new ways of doing businessD. rapid growth of supermarkets2. What would be the best title for the text?A. Business and PeopleB. Business Goes GreenC. Shopping Habits Are ChangingD. Supermarkets and Green Products3.