牛津版英语高中必修一语法知识.doc

第一讲定语从句一 关键词定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。关系词：关系词用来引导定语从句。关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。关系代词有that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why等。关系词可以1) 代替先行词；2) 引导定语从句； 3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.句中，the car为先行词；which是关系词引导是定语从句which my uncle had just bought，同时代替先行词the car在定语从句中作主语。1.关系代词引导的定语从句who指人，在定语从句中作主语。whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。whose 通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Note: whose指物时，常用of which结构来代替：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。注意：which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。这时which和as 被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。 如： He said he was a Frenchman，whichas was not true.但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。如：As is known to all，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country, as/which is known to all.2.关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。介词+关系代词1)根据动词选择介词。I dont know the foreigner with whom my teacher shook hands.（或I dont know the foreigner whom my teacher shook hands with.)Note: who和that不能直接位于介词后作宾语；有的短语动词是不能拆开的，常见的这类短语有：look for，look after等。2)根据先行词选择介词。介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，介词一般位于关系代词之前，和从句中的动词不存在逻辑或意义上的关系。3)介词+关系代词有时可转换为关系副词when，why，where等。定语从句的关系词时，要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分。被关系词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现。3.常用that引导定语从句的情况：1)当先行词中有“人”又有“物”时，关系词用that不用which。2)先行词本身是all, few，little，much，any，everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系词多用that。3)先行词指“人”或“物”，并被形容词最高级、序数词或all，no ,any，every，little，much, little, the only，the very等修饰时通常用that引导定语从句。二 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如去掉,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。翻译时译成先行词的定语“的”。2. 非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是对先行词意义的补充说明，如去掉，主句仍能表达完整的意思，通常译成主句的并列句。3. 关系词的使用：1) 关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。2) 限制性定语从句可用that引导,而非限制性定语从句不用that引导。3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。第二讲 现在完成时，现在完成进行时一 现在完成时1、构成 have/has done2、用法I表示过去发生的事对现在具有影响。1) Justin has disappeared, so Kelly is very sad.2) The boy is happy. He has caught a bird.II表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在或者还将持续下去。1)I have not seen Justin since Last Friday night.2) Daniel has lived in Beijing since he came to China. III表示动作的确切时间不明确或不重要。此时下列词汇经常和现在完成时连用：already, ever, never, for, just, lately/ recently, since, yet。1) The boy has already come home.2) I havent heard anything from him yet.其中，for + 一段时间，since + 某个时间点。e.g. We havent seen him for two days. We havent seen him since last Monday.IV表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复的动作。1) Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times.2) I have advised him to give up smoking many times, but he just wont listen to me.V 现在完成时还可用于下列句型中：This/It is the best/ finest/ most interesting + that- clause, This/It is the first/ second time + that- clause, that 从句中的谓语动词一般用现在完成时。It is/ has been a period of time since + 一般过去时1) This is the best book that I have read.2) It is the first time that I have seen the film.3) It is/ has been a long time since I came to Wuxi.3、注意1)现在完成时不和明确的表示时间的词连用，如yesterday, last week, in 1976等。2)表示短暂意义的动词，如begin, leave, arrive, return, stop, open, go, come, die等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。* Read the following sentences and say T or F .(1) He has come to Beijing since last year. F(2) He has been here for three years. T(3) He has joined the army for three years.F(4) He has been a solider for 3 years.T(5) It is 3 years since he joined the army. T(6) He has joined the army. T二 现在完成进行时1、构成 have/has been doinge.g. I havent been sleeping well since I returned home.2、用法表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。1)- Sorry, Im late. Have you been waiting long? - Yes. I have been waiting (wait) for an hour.2) She is very tired. She has been working (work) all morning.3) The man started working in the field half an hour ago. He is still working now. The man has been working (work) in the field for half an hour.4) The boy started having dinner five minutes ago. He is still having dinner now.The boy has been having (have) dinner since five minutes ago.3、注意现在完成进行时多用持续性动词，如do, live, learn, lie, stay, wait, stand, study等，常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等表示现在之前这一段时间的状语以及since和 for引导的时间状语或从句连用。e.g. He has been watching television all day. I have been learning English for three years. Shes been playing tennis since she was eight. This whole week, he has been training some new employees. He has been smoking too much recently. 三 .现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较1、现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。I have been reading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。（书不一定看完)I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。（动作已完成)I have been writing letters. 我一直都在写信。I have written three letters. 我已经写完三封信了。2、有些动词如study, work, live用两种时态都可以，意思差别不大。I have lived here since 1990. / I have been living here since 1990.They have studied the problem for quite some time. / They have been studying the problem for quite some time.3、有些动词动词本身表示一种持续的状态，一般不用现在完成进行时，如be, know, love, remember, understand, see, like, last。Ive known him for many years.They have not seen each other for a long time.The war has lasted for a long time.第三讲 将来进行时，过去将来时一 将来进行时1. 将来进行时构成：will/shall be doing 2. 主要用法：1）表示将来某一段时间内持续做的动作。Dont call me between 9:00 and 11:00 tomorrow morning. I will be taking an exam then. 明天9点至11点期间，不要给我打电话，那时我将要参加考试。I shall be doing housework all day this Saturday.本周六一整天我将都在做家务。2）表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。At 9:00 this evening I will be watching the news programs on TV. 今晚九点钟，我将正在电视上看新闻节目。At this time tomorrow well be having a maths lesson. 明天的这个时候我们正在上数学课 3）表示预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作。Be sure to come. Well be expecting you. 一定要来, 我们要等你的. 4）表示委婉地询问对方或别人计划要做的事。What will you be doing at five tomorrow afternoon? .明天下午五点钟你打算做什么？3.将来进行时与一般将来时的比较：1) 一般将来时侧重主观意愿，而将来进行时则强调动作的进行。Ill work on this tomorrow.(表示意愿或许诺)Ill be working on this tomorrow.（纯粹表示将来要发生的动作）2)将来进行时比一般将来时在语气上更委婉客气。比较：When will you finish these letters? (只是问一个将来的事实)When will you be seeing Mr. White?（语气较委婉）二 过去将来时1.过去将来时构成：would/should +do2.用法：表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。用于间接引语或宾语从中，当主句谓语动词用过去时态时。3.注意：过去将来还可用下列形式来表达，但含义有所不同：1.） was/were going to do: 表示过去的主观打算。但未必能实现。 We were going to leave, but then it rained.我们正打算离开，但这时下雨了。 I was going to visit the factory but in the end I went to the country. 我当时打算去参观工厂的，但最终我去乡下了。2）was /were about to do:即将发生的动作“刚要/正要做某事”，不能再与时间状语连用。 I was about to sit down when the telephone rang.我正要坐下这时电话响了。3.）start, go ,come, leave；see, meet类动词的过去进行时：表示就过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作I didnt know that they were coming until this morning.直到今天上午我才知道他们要来。 He was busy packing, for he was leaving that night.4）was/were to do:表示“曾计划干什么”，如果表示“本来计划干什么，动作没实现”，则需用 “was /were to have done”1). She said she was to tell me about the accident.她说她计划把事故的事告诉我。2). She said she was to have told me about the accident. 她说她本来想告诉我事故的事的。5）用某些动词的一般过去形式,表按计划或时刻表要发生的事.1 They told me school began on September 1.He wanted to be a pilot when he grew up.三 过去完成时1.概念过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past）”。2.构成过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成，其中had通用于各种人称。例如：They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.他们来宾馆之前就已经吃过饭了。He didnt go to bed until he had finished his work.他直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。3.用法过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。例如：1)When I woke up,it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）2)He had left when I arrived.当我到达时他已经离开。过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。例如：1)She told me that she had written a new novel.她告诉我她已经写好一本小说了。(had written发生在told之前)2)I found the watch which I had lost.我找到了我丢失的表。过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already，yet，still，just，before，never等时间副词及by，before，until等引导的短语或从句连用。例如：1)Before she came to China,AmyhadtaughtEnglishinamiddleschoolforaboutfiveyears. 艾米来中国之前，在一所中学已经教了五年英语。2)Tom had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was seven.汤姆在七岁时已经集了300多张中国邮票。过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。例如：1)By the end of last year,my father had worked in the factory for twenty years.去年年底时，爸爸已经在工厂工作二十年了。（had worked已有了20年，还有继续进行下去的可能） 2)By six oclock he had worked eleven hours.到6点钟时他就已经工作了11小时。动词think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：1)I had wanted to help but could not get there in time.我本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。2)They had hoped to be able to come and see you.他们本来希望能来看看你。过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen,no soonerthan,It was the first(second,etc)time(that)等固定句型中。例如：1)Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。1) No sooner had he arrived than he went a way again.他刚到就又走了。2) 3)It was the third time that she had been out of work that year.这是她那一年第三次失业了。过去完成时的用法总结如下表：过去完成时构成助动词 had+动词的过去分词基本用法表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for,since构成的时间状语连用3）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前4）在包含有when,until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示和其它时态的