八级翻译98-11练习+答案.doc

1998SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEI agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent e. g. in painting and music they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all.To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step. At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification to precede the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree, sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence is a subtle affair, liable to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend.那么，要谈论美国文学，倒并非意欲断言，它与欧洲文学全然大相径庭。广而言之，美国与欧洲一直同步发展，协调一致。在任何一个特定的时刻，旅行者在两地均能目睹同一样式的建筑实例，相同款式的服饰，书架上相同的书籍。在大西洋两岸，思想如同人员与货物往来一样自由交流，尽管有时会略显迟缓。当我提及美国式的习惯、思想等概念时，我意欲在“美国式的”这一词汇之前加上某种限定，因为欧美（尤其是英美）之间的差异往往只是程度上的差异而已，并且有时候仅仅只是微乎其微的一点程度差异而已。差异的多寡是件极为微妙的事务，这极容易使一个英国人在审视美国时大惑不解。他所审视的那个国家，从某些重要的意义上来说，诞生于他自己的国家，并在某些方面仍与他自己的国家相差无几然而，它却实实在在是一个异邦。两者间存在着某些古怪的交替重迭，以及令人甚感突兀的陌生感；亲缘关系已让位于一种突如其来的异化与疏远，这种情景仿佛就像我们隔着马路向另一个人打招呼，结果却从这个人漠无表情的反应中发现，我们原来竟将一个陌生人误认为我们的熟人。1999SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEIn some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places. In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce. Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension. 另外有一系列家庭原因与以下范畴有关联，即生孩子是为了维持和改善婚姻，为了套牢丈夫或让妻子有事可做；为了修复或再次激活婚姻；或出于多子多福的观念而多生孩子。反过来说就足以证明这一点：在一些社会，不能生育（或未生男孩）直接威胁婚姻，导致离婚。在其上是孩子对家庭组织的重要意义。在许多人看来，只有丈夫和妻子的家庭算不上一个家。他们需要小孩来扩大家庭圈子，来实现它的家庭角色，来发挥后代的实践影响力。孩子需要家庭；但与此同时，家庭作为一个能够以其独特方式，至少在原则上如此，在一个变幻莫测，常常不尽友善的世界中确保家人安全舒适，为家人提供信心、指引方向的社会单位，它似乎也离不开孩子。2000SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death,” they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimelya long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken. History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of MariLyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measure d by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue. 提起“早逝”，人们或有所指，他们定会相信有些死亡更合天意。寿终正寝/年老而终极少称为“早逝”长寿即意味着生命之圆满。但英年早逝则会引发感慨：美好年华未竟，评说尚待时日。然而，历史却并非如此。提及英年早逝，人们自会忆起玛丽莲梦露和詹姆士迪恩。两人生命虽短暂，人生却圆满。诗人约翰济慈年仅26岁便与世长辞，作家们对此深感惋惜。而他们却只能戏谑地叹息自己在过了26岁时，一生仍无所作为。“生命短暂即不圆满”，这观念荒谬无理。生命的价值在于它留给世界的印象、它的贡献及它的美德。2001SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.梭罗所理解的“低层次”，即为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次”，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于他从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但他在膳食方面所投入的精力仅果腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，他便别无所求。 付出努力才是其本质所在，我们只有在人生中挑战困难，才会有幸福。正如叶芝所言，除却某些不可能的情形，我们一生中所获得的满足程度取决于我们选择所愿面对的困难的程度。罗伯特弗罗斯特谈到“苦中求乐”时，也有异曲同工之理。商业广告中所宣传的幸福观，其致命缺陷在于，其宣称一切幸福唾手可得，不费吹灰之力。我们甚至要求竞赛有难度。之所以要求有难度，是因为没有难度也就无所谓竞赛，竞赛是我们为了享受其中的乐趣而人为地制造困难。竞赛规则就是任意强加的困难。违犯竞赛规则就是破坏乐趣。下棋时，随心所欲，肆意更改强制的规则，更易获胜。然而下棋的乐趣在于在规则限定范围内获取胜利。没有困难就没有乐趣。2002SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEThe word “winner” and “loser” have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them.Winners do not play “helpless,” nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.成功者不会穷其一生之精力，去想象自己应该成为何种人；相反，他们会保持真我本色，因此，他们不会绞尽脑汁去装腔作势、故作姿态、操纵他人。他们明白，真心关爱和虚情假意之间、愚顽不化和假装愚笨之间、真才实学和佯装有才之间，实质上存在着天壤之别。成功者无需掩藏在面具之后。成功者敢于独立思考，敢于运用知识。他们能够把事实从纷繁的意见中剥离出来，而又不会假装无所不晓。他们听人进言，并权衡利弊，从而得出自己的结论。尽管成功者会钦佩他人、尊敬他人，但他们从不被他人所限制、所摧垮、所束缚、所吓倒。成功者不会佯装“无助”，也决不玩弄推诿。相反，他们承担起自己的人生责任。2003SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEIn his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building.He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis.But his cousin looks around bewildered.All she sees is a forest,“Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?”she asks.Hes astonished she cant see them. “Where! Why everywhere,” he replies.For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.” 詹姆士菲尼摩尔库珀在其经典小说开拓者中,记述了主人公一个土地开发商带着表妹参观一座他将要承建的城市的情景。他向表妹描绘了宽阔的街道，林立的房屋，俨然一座熙来攘往的大都市。然而，表妹环顾四周，大惑不解。她所看见的只是一片树林，于是问道：“你要我看的那些美景和改建工程在哪里啊?”他感到很惊讶，因为表妹居然还不能心领神会。“哪里?到处都是啊!”他答道。虽然它们还未真正建成，他却早已在心中构想好了。对他来说，它们都是实实在在的，仿佛已建成竣工一样。 库珀这里揭示的是一种美国人典型的特征：着眼于未来 / 前瞻性 / 未来意识，即能够从未来的角度看待现在；摆脱过去的束缚，而更亲近未来的事物。正如阿尔伯特爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：“对美国人来说，生活总是在发展变化，从来不会静止不变。”2004SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEFor me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and knowthat I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.Im lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps,by looking again at each one as though it were a person.It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the worlds falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.只有在我疲劳过度的时候，在我长时间工作而没有休息的时候，在我感到内心空虚而需要充实的时候，我才感到寂寞。有时，当我外出讲学回家后，在我见了许多人，讲了许多话，满脑子的感受需要整理的时候，我也会感到寂寞。于是有那么一小会儿，感觉房子即大又空，我都不知道我的自我藏在何处。于是我会给植物浇浇水，或者注视着每一株花草，视之为活生生的一个人，这样我才渐渐找回自我。找回自我，需要一些时间。我看着水浪从喷泉中喷涌而出，这一时刻降临到来，身边的世界逐渐消逝，自我再次从内心深处的无意识中浮现，带来我最近的种种经历，使我细想探究，慢慢领会。2005SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction, biography, poetrywe should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconception when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. 既然书籍有不同的门类，如小说、传记、诗歌等，我们就应该把它们区分开来，并从每种中汲取它应当给我们提供的正确的东西;这话说起来容易，然而，很少有人向书籍索取它们能给予我们的东西，我们往往思想模糊，思维割裂，期望小说情节真实，认定诗歌内容虚构，要求传记吹捧奉承，苛求历史能认同我们自己的偏见。我们读书时如能抛弃此类成见，那将是一个极好的开端。我们对作者不要指手划脚，而应努力站在作者的立场上，设想自己是作者的同道和同谋。假如一开始便忧郁不决，先入为主，批评指责，你就不可能最大限度地从所读的书中获益, 然而，如果你能尽量敞开思想，那么，书中开头几行迂回曲折的文字，精细入微的寓意和暗示，就会呈现一个与众不同的人物于你面前。如果你深入其中，探究其境，你很快就会领悟作者正在给你传递，或试图给你传递，一些明确的东西。倘若我们首先考虑怎样读小说，那么，一部小说中的三十二章就是企图创造出象一座建筑物那样既有一定的形式而各部分又受到控制的东西，不过词句要比砖块难以捉摸，阅读的过程要比看一看更费时、更复杂。理解小说家创作工作的各项要素的捷径也许并不是阅读，而是写作，而是亲自试一试遣词造句中的艰难险阻。那么，回想一下给你留下鲜明印象的某些事比如，你怎样在大街的拐角处从两个正在交谈着的人身边走过，树在摇曳、灯光在晃动，谈话的语气既喜又悲；这一瞬间似乎包含了一个完整的想象，一个整体的构思。 2006SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy.You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word, it is victory. Victory at all costs victory in spite of all terrors-victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival. Let that be realized, no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that British Empire has stood for , no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall more forward toward his goal. I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, “Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水我们所面临的将是一场极其严酷的考验，将是旷日持久的斗争和苦难。若问我们的政策是什么？我的回答是：在陆上、海上、空中作战。尽我们的全力，尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去作战，对人类黑暗、可悲的罪恶史上空前凶残的暴政作战。若问我们的目标是什么？我可以用一个词来回答，那就是胜利。不惜一切代价，去夺取胜利不惧一切恐怖，去夺取胜利不论前路如何漫长、如何艰苦，去夺取胜利。因为没有胜利就不能生存。我们务必认识到，没有胜利就不复有大英帝国，没有胜利就不复有大英帝国所象征的一切，没有胜利就不复有多少世纪以来的强烈要求和冲动：人类应当向自己的目标迈进。2007SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life. At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet. Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 911, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world. Our world is bursting with knowledge - but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs. For all these reasons I believed - and I believe even more strongly today - in the unique and irreplaceable mission of universities.科技进步使我们能够了解宇宙更为深远的空间，使我们认识到物质最基本的成分以及生命的奇迹。同时，今天人类的行为和怠惰不仅危害了地球上的生命而且危害着地球自身的生命。全球化过程使世界变化小了，生活节奏加快了，人们更富有了。然而9.11事件和禽流感在提醒我们更小更快的世界未必就是更安全的世界。我们的世界充满着知识却又极其缺乏智慧。如今，当广播讲话越来越简短，当短信变得越来越多把优美的散文挤出门外，当人们的个人生活变得越来越疯狂的时候，能够深思的大学毕业生才是世界所需要的。鉴于所有这些原因，我相信而且今天我更加坚信大学所承担的使命是独特而不可替代的。2008SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE But, as has been true in many other cases, when they were at last married, the most ideal of situations was found to have been changed to the most practical. Instead of having shared their original duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, they discovered that the cares of life had been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for both our friends; they understood suddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth, and had make themselves slaves to new laws and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they had assumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed they never felt so keenly that they were still units in modern society. 答案一：但是，如同很多情况一样，当他们最终结婚后，最完美的关系就会变成最实际的问题。他们不再像学生们说的“平分”那样各自照顾自己，而是发现他们需要照顾的是两个人的生活。这就使得我的两个朋友都有时候觉得很烦恼，他们突然体会到：他们并没有过上天堂般的生活，而是仍和以前一样，不仅如此，反而不得不服从于新的规范和约束：他们并没有比以前更自由或者更快乐，反而承担了新的责任；建立了新的家庭后，他们必须以各种方式履行自己的家庭义务。他们深情地回顾订婚时的那段美好时光，那时他们是多么热切地盼望拥有彼此，远离尘世，但是他们似乎从来没有像现在如此强烈地感受到：他们仍是现代社会中的一个组成部分。答案二：但是正如其他许多已经发生过的事情一样，当他们最终结婚后，发现最憧憬的生活变得再实际不过了。他们非但没有分担各自原先的责任-正如那些学生们所说一半一半，相反却发现生活的重担加倍了。这使得我们那两个结婚的朋友时常觉得沮丧；他们突然发现自己并没有过着天堂般的生活而是仍实实在在地生活在地球上，而且成为了新规则和新约束的奴隶。生活并没有比以前更自由、更幸福，因为他们要去承担新的责任。既然成立了一个新的家庭，那就无论如何也要尽一点家庭的义务。他们深情地回想起订婚的那段时光，曾经如此地渴望拥有彼此而忘掉这个世界，然而现在最深切的感受却是自己仍是这个世界的一份子。2009SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE We, the human