交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite 8)中英文.docx

Unit Eight Transportation ServiceText A Transportation in logisticsAn industrialized society without an efficient transportation system seems a contradiction in terms. As consumers, we often take for granted that products will move from where they are produced to where they are consumed with a minimum of difficulty-in terms of both time and cost. The transportation sector of most industrialized economies is so pervasive that we often fail to comprehend the magnitude of its impact on our way of life.工业化社会没有一个高效的交通运输系统似乎是一种矛盾的说法。作为顾客，常常自然而然地认为只需要花费极少的时间和成本就能将产品从其生产地运到消费地，无处不在的工业化经济运输行业常常使人们忽略了交通运输对于我们生活的重要性。The unique position which transportation occupies in economic activity arises from the reduction of the resistance of time and space to the production of economic goods and services. The significance of this in terms of the allocation of economic resources is indicated by the fact that probably at least one third of wealth of a nation is directly devoted to transportation. Transportation is so important that without it organized human activity would be impossible. Complete stoppage of transport services of a community is the quickest way to assure complete paralysis of cooperative effort: economic, political and social.由于经济商品和服务在配送时间和地理位置上（遇到的）阻碍减少，交通运输在经济活动中的独特地位逐渐显现出来，事实证明，一个国家创造的财富至少有三分之一直接源于交通运输，因此交通对于经济资源分配的重要性不言而喻。没有交通运输，想要完成有组织的人类活动几乎是不可能的，只要完全切断社区的交通运输服务，就能以最快的速度使人们在合作领域完全处于瘫痪。Logistics involves the movement of products (raw materials, components, finished goods) from point-of-production (origin) to point-of-consumption (destination). A product produced at one point has very little value to the prospective customer unless it is moved to the point where it will be consumed. Transportation achieves this movement.物流包括了货物（原材料、零配件、产成品）从原料产地（起点）到消费地（终点）的移动过程，在产品运输到消费地之前，它对于目标客户而言几乎没有价值，而正是交通运输实现了产品的移动（增加了产品的价值）。Movement across space or distance creates value of place utility. Time utility is mostly created or added by the warehousing and storage of product until it is needed. But transportation is also a factor in time utility. Transportation determines how fast a product moves from one point to another. This is known as time-in-transit. If a product is not available at the precise time when it is needed, there may be expensive repercussions, such as lost sales, customer dissatisfaction, and production downtime. So transportation creates utility.（货物）在空间和距离上的移动创造出了地点效用价值，而在被使用以前通过仓储能够创造出（货物）大部分的时间效用价值，此外，交通运输也是时间效用的一个影响因素。交通运输决定了货物在两点之间的移动速度，即所谓的在途时间。若在需要货物时却无法提供，那么将会产生高昂的费用成本，如滞销、客户不满意、生产停顿等，所以交通运输创造效益。In general, factors influencing transportation costs can be grouped into two major categories: product-related factors and market-related factors.一般而言，影响交通运输费用的因素主要可以归结为两类：产品相关因素和市场相关因素。Many factors related to characteristics of product influence the cost of transportation. They can be divided into the following groups: density, stow-ability, ease or difficulty of handling, and liability.产品的许多特征影响了运输成本，它们可以分为以下几种：密度、可装载性、包装难度和法律责任。Some market-related factors also affect the cost of transportation. The most significant ones are: degree of intra-mode and inter-mode competition location of markets (i.e., distance over which goods must be transported). Nature and extent of government regulation of transportation carrier, balance or imbalance of freight traffic in a territory, seasonality of product movement, an whether the product is being transported domestically or internationally. Each of these factors, in combination, affects of transporting products.某些市场相关因素会影响到运输成本，其中最重要的因素包括：同种运输方式之间以及不同运输方式之间的竞争度、市场地理位置（如货物需运输的距离等）、政府对于运输者、运输种类和运输范围的规定、区域内货运交通的平衡性、货物运输的季节性、是国内运输还是国际运输等，所有影响因素相互结合影响着货物的运输。Customer service is a vital component of logistics management. Each activity of logistics management contributes to the level service a company provides to its customers, although the impact of transportation on customer service is one of the most significance. The most important characteristics of transportation service affecting customer service levels are: dependability (consistency of service); time-in-transit; market coverage (the ability to provide door-to-door service); flexibility (with respect to the variety of products that can be handled and meeting the special needs of shippers); loss and damage performance; and the ability of the carrier to provide more than just basic transportation service (i.e., to become part of a shippers overall marketing program).客户服务是物流管理中的重要一环。物流管理的各项活动成就了一个公司的客户服务水平，然而交通运输的影响对于客户服务至关重要。影响顾客服务水平的最重要的运输服务特性包括：可靠性、在途时间、市场覆盖面、灵活性、货差和货损情况以及运输企业提供基本运输服务以外服务的能力。Text B Transportation managementTransport cost is influenced by seven factors. The specific factors are distance, volume, density, stow-ability, handling, liability, and market. In general, the above sequence reflects the relative importance of each factor.交通运输成本受七大因素影响，包括运距、运量、（货物）密度、可装载性、易搬运程度、运输责任及市场。一般来说，上述次序反应了每个因素的相对重要性。Distance is a major influence on transportation cost since it directly contributes to variable cost, such labor, fuel and maintenance.运距是影响运输成本的主要因素。因为距离直接增加变动成本，比如劳动力成本、燃料成本和维修成本等。The second factor is load volume. Like many other logistics activities, transportation scale economies exist for most movements. Transportation cost per unit of weight decreases as load volume increase.影响运输成本的第二个因素是运载量。正如其它物流活动一样，在许多的运输活动中也存在运输规模效益，随着运载量的增加单位运输成本逐渐降低。The third economic factor is product density, which incorporates weight and space considerations. These are important since transportation cost is usually quoted in terms of dollars per unit of weight, such as amount per ton. In terms of weight and space, it is not possible to increase the amount carried even if the product is light. Since actual vehicle labor and fuel expenses are not dramatically influenced by weight. Higher density products allow relatively fixed transport costs to be spread across additional weight. As a result, these products are assessed lower transport costs per unit of weight.影响运输成本的第三个因素是货物密度，它由货物重量和货物体积决定。由于运输成本通常是以单位重量多少美金计价的（如每吨多少美元），因此这两项指标对交通运输成本来说非常重要，通常体积比起重量来说对车辆限制更加严格。一旦车辆装满货物，即使再轻的东西也无法装下。此外，劳动力成本和燃料成本受运载重量的影响并不显著，货物密度增加使相对固定的运输成本分摊到了增加重量上，结果，单位运输重量分摊的运输成本更低。The stow-ability factor refers to product dimensions and how they affect vehicle space utilization. Odd sizes and shapes, as well as excessive weight or length, do not stow well and typically waste space. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to stow than odd-shaped items.可装载性涉及产品的尺寸，影响车辆空间的利用率。（产品）外形尺寸奇特、超重或超长通常都无法很好的装载，浪费车辆装载空间。标准的长方体货物比起外形奇特的货物更容易装载。Special handling equipment may be required for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships. Furthermore, the manner in which products are physically grouped together (e.g., taped, boxed, or palletized) for transport and storage also affects handling cost.在装车（船、火车）、卸车（船、火车）的过程中会用到特殊的搬运设备。此外，在将货物成组（如打包、装箱、上托盘等）运输或存储时也会影响到搬运成本。Finally, market factors, such as lane volume and balance, influence transportation cost. A transport lane refers to movements between origin and destination points. Since transportation vehicles and drivers must return to their origin, either they must find a load to bring back (“back-haul”), or when deadhead movements occur, labor, fuel, and maintenance costs must be charge against the original “font-haul” move. Thus, the ideal situation is for “balanced” moves where volume is equal in both directions. However, this is rarely the case because of demand imbalances in manufacturing and consumption locations.最后，市场因素（如车道容量和去返程装载平衡）都会影响到运输成本。交通运输涉及在两点之间的移动，无论运输车辆和驾驶人员装载货物返程，还是在截止日期前回到始发点收取劳力费用、燃料费、维修费，它们都必须返回到出发点，因此最完美的装载平衡是去程和回程装载量相等，然而，这种情况及其少见，因为生产地与消费地的需求通常不平衡。Transport documentationSeveral documents are required to perform each transport movement. The three primary types are bills of lading, freight bills, and shipping manifests.在运输过程中需要几种文件证书，其中主要的三种包括托运单、运费账单、托运货物清单。The bill of lading is the basic document utilized in purchasing transport services. It serves as a receipt and documents commodities and quantities shipped. For this reason, accurate description and count are essential. In case of loss, damage, or delay, the bill of lading is the basis for damage claims. The designated individual or buyer on a bill of lading is the only bona fide recipient of goods. A carrier is responsible for proper delivery according to instructions contained in the document. In effect, title is transferred with completion of delivery.托运单是最基本的用于购买运输服务的文件，作为运输时表示商品和（商品）数量的凭据文件。因此，准确的（商品）描述和数量表示至关重要。在遇到货损、货差以及延误时，托运单就是损坏申明的基本依据，托运单上指定的个人或买家是唯一合法的货物接收人。根据托运单上的运输说明，承运人有责任保证货物的合理运输，最后完成配送过程实现所有权的转移。The bill of lading specifies terms and conditions of carrier liability and documents responsibility for possible causes of loss or damage except those defined as acts of God. It is important that terms and condition be clearly understood so that appropriate actions can be taken in the event of substandard performance.托运单明确了托运物品、承运人责任条款，并申明了非天灾所造成的货损、货差相关责任，明确托运物品和相关责任条款有助于在非正常事件发生时采取相应的行动。In addition to the uniform bill of lading, another commonly used type is order-notified. It is important to select the correct bill of lading for a specific shipment.除统一的托运单外，经常被用到的另一文件是订货通知单，它有助于在某一特定的发货过程中选择适当的托运单。An order notified or negotiable bill of lading is credit instrument. It provides that delivery not be made unless the original bill of lading is surrendered to the carrier. The usual procedure is for the seller to send the order notified bill of lading to a third party, usually a bank or credit institution. Upon customer payment for the product, the credit institution releases the goods. This facilitates international transport where payment for goods is major consideration. 订货通知单和可议付托运单作为信用证明，表示在将实际货物转交给托运者之前都不会开始配送，一般的程序是卖家先将可议付托运单发给第三方机构（通常是银行或信用机构），一旦客户付费购买商品，信用机构便会发放货物，这种方式使得国际间的商品交易更加简便。The freight bill represents a carriers method of charging for transportation services. It is developed using informa