高中定语从句.doc

高中定语从句 （一）定义及相关术语 1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why 等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。（2） 关系代词引导的定语从句 1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。 The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. The season that / which comes after spring is summer. He is no longer a little boy that he used to be two years ago. 5Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替： The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? （3） 关系副词引导的定语从句 1when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The time when we got together finally arrived. 2where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 3why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. （四）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played football with yesterday. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (误) 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which， 不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) “介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. （五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who 代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who 代替whom限制性定语从句举例：China is a country which has a long history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定语从句举例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. (六) 限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 5 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school .Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. （七）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He married her, as / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see. 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. John, as you know, is a famous writer. Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. 注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 4. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：Ive never heard such stories as he tells. This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. （八）关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. Exercises1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys. A the smallest of which B the smaller of which C the smallest of them D the smallest one 2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_ it will be completely finished.A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time 3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_ was taken in london.A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _ village I taught before lived a happy life.A who B whose C in whose D in which 5.There is a moutain _ the top is always covered with snow.A whose B of which C its D that 6.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this 7.1)I have three children,and two of _ are doctors.2)I have three children, two of _ are doctors.8.There two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds 9.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well. A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which （1-6ABDCBC 7-9B DDC） 特殊结构定语从句点击1. These houses are sold at suc