SAT高分文法考法精析-pronoun agreement.docx

SAT高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁u Pronoun Agreement 代词指代一致Ensuring grammatical agreement between subject and verb, between pronoun and antecedent, and between nouns语法点1. 形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的用法1) 物主代词的分类物主代词（又称为代词所属格）分为形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词。单数复数第一人称myour第二人称youryour第三人称his/her/itstheir单数复数第一人称mineours第二人称yoursyours第三人称his/hers/itstheirs2) 形容词物主代词的用法用法一：作定语l Everybody must do his work well.his做work的定语。用法二：与own连用l Mind your own business!Your与own连用。3) 名词性物主代词的用法用法一：作主语l This is your pen. Mine is in the box.Mine作后面一句话的主语。用法二：作宾语l He cooks his own meals and she hers.hers作cooks的宾语。l She would shut herself up in her room, Julio in his.his作in的宾语。用法三：作表语l He knew that the house was hers.hers作the house的表语。用法四：of + 名词性物主代词l He is a friend of mine.of与mine连用。l This dog of ours never bites.of与ours连用。语法点2. 名词的所有格1) 基本形式名词的所有格表示所属关系。名词所有格有两种不同的形式，第一种是名词结尾加s构成（有-s或-es的复数形名词末尾只加“”）；第二种是由介词of连接，构成N1 of N2的结构。2) 名词所属格的构成方法单数名词结尾加s。l the boys mother一个男孩的妈妈l the hostesss dress女主持的裙子规则变化复数名词后加。l the two boys mother两个男孩的妈妈l the hostesses dresses女主持们的裙子不规则复数名词后加s。l the childrens mother孩子们的妈妈l the mens tears男人们的眼泪以s结尾的单数人名后加s。l Thomass bother托马斯的哥哥l Charless chair查尔斯的椅子在forsake结构中，以嘶音结尾的名词后加“”。l for goodness sake看在老天的份上l for acquaintance sake看在熟人的份上3) 名词所属格用法注意事项几个名词作为一个单位变为所属格时，在最后一个名词词尾加s。l John and Susies desk约翰和苏西（共用）的书桌几个名词分别表达所属关系时，每个词尾单独加s。l Johns and Susies desk约翰的书桌和苏西的书桌l Japans and Americas problems日本和美国各自的问题考法1. 代词和名词所属格形式使用错误1) 错误特征如果两个名词之间有所有关系，则主动包含的人或事物应该使用代词或名词的所有格，而被包含的人或事物应该使用原形。l When Andy said he wanted cold hard cash for his birthday, his mothers response was to gift him a block of ice with dollar bills frozen inside.句子本意表达“妈妈的回应”，mothers未用所属格形式，错误。l The twins excitedly awaited their mother arrival home from her archaeological dig in Turkey.句子本意表达“妈妈的到来”，mother未用所属格形式，错误。2) 修改方法根据句子中存在的所属关系，将所属关系中的主体改为名词或代词的所属格形式。考法2. 形容词物主代词与名词性物主代词混淆错误1) 错误特征定语、副词own后如果需要放置物主代词，此时，需要使用形容词词性物主代词。主语、宾语及of后如果需要放置物主代词，此时，需要使用名词性物主代词形式。l You must do yours work well.yours做定语，修饰work，使用错误。l This is mine own business.mine与own连用，使用错误。l This is your book. My is in the box.My单独做主语，使用错误。l About Wesley and Whitefield, no movement in English history compares with their.their单独做宾语，使用错误。2) 修改方法根据形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的使用规则正确使用。l When novelist J.K. Rowling was accused of plagiarizing Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, she had to prove in court that the manuscript was exclusively hers.hers位置为表语，应该使用名词性物主代词，改为hers。考法3. 所属格构成规则错误1) 错误特征在表达几个人共同拥有或各自拥有的事物时，需要观察其后的名词的数。如果所属格的表达与其后名词的数矛盾，则犯了所属格构成规则的错误。这样的构成主要有一下几种形式：形式一：John and Susies desk这个结构表达“约翰和苏西共同拥有的一个桌子”，desk用单数形式。形式二：Johns and Susies desks这个结构表达“约翰和苏西各自分别拥有的一个或多个桌子”，desk用复数形式。这个结构在表达上有缺陷，会引起歧义，不常出现。更好的表达是Johns desk and Susies desk或johns desks and Susies desks。如果想表达约翰的一个桌子和苏西的多个桌子，则写成Johns desk and Susies desks。形式三：both Johns and Susies desk这个结构表示“约翰的一个桌子和苏西的一个桌子”，相当于both johns desk and Susies desk，一共是两个桌子。由于用到了bothand结构，所以and前的desk省略。形式四：John and Susies desks这个结构表达“约翰和苏西共同拥有的多个桌子”，desk用复数形式。2) 修改方法根据句意，选择正确的名词或代词所属格构成方式修改错误的部分。l Autobiography is a key component of both Maya Angelou and Sylvia Plaths poetry.根据句意，句子想表达Maya Angelou与Sylvia Plath分别写的诗，所以所属格构成规则错误,应改为Maya Angelous and Sylvia Plaths poetry.考法4. 人与物混淆错误1) 错误特征代词所属格的使用也需要注意人与事物的区分。如果一个代词的所属格与其指代对象在指人和事物的方面矛盾，或一个代词所属格后的名词与这个代词所属格本身在人和事物的方面矛盾，则犯了人与物混淆的错误。判断方法一：通过代词所属格指代对象判断。l Evgeni Plushenko of Russia is famous for its quadruple jump, the first in mens figure skating.代词its指代Evgeni Plushenko，为男性人物，人与物混淆。l While a honey bee loses his stinger and dies after attacking once, a wasp is capable of stinging multiple times.代词his指代bee，为动物，人与物混淆。 判断方法二：通过代词所属格后名词判断。l Scientists suspect that mystery writer Agatha Christie may have suffered from Alzheimers due to increased repetition and a drop in vocabulary in its later books.代词its后名词为later books，书为人所拥有，人与物混淆。判断方法三：通过主体动作判断。l The bird fluttered his wings in the cage.句中主体动作为fluttered his wings，意为振翅，该动作由动物发出，人与物混淆。2) 修改方法正确区分名词或代词指代对象的性质，对错误部分进行改正。考法5. 单复数混淆错误1) 错误特征代词所属格在使用时需要注意其单复数。判断方法一：通过名（代）词所属格指代对象判断。l Dryads are mythological spirits who make its home in trees.代词its指代Dryads，为复数名词，单复数混淆。l Though Andy Warhols art explored many controversial themes, their most recognized piece, Campbells Soup, was an advertisement.代词their指代Andy Warhol,为人名，为单数，单复数混淆。l When my sister and I started planting a garden, we were shocked to find our maternal grandmothers time capsule from 1958.Maternal grandmothers指我和姐姐共同的外祖母，为单数名词，单复数混淆。判断方法二：通过名（代）词所属格后名词判断。l That womens dress is stunning; if I had to pick my favorite gown on Oscar night, it would be hers.women为复数名词，womens后的名词为dress，为单数，单复数混淆。判断方法三：通过（名）代词所属格前修饰语判断。l The rigorous reading comprehension section of the Law School Admissions Test is one of many students least favorite portions.students前为one of结构，students单复数混淆。l All the zoo visitors decided to go home when Fred the monkeys popular dance routine was cancelled due to illness.monkeys前为名字Fred，为单数，monkeys单复数混淆。2) 修改方法根据句意，修改名词或代词的单复数形式。l On the reality show The Amazing Race, one of the contestants biggest challenges is to avoid succumbing to fatigue during their fast-paced competition.contestant指代所有参赛者，应使用复数形式，改为contestants。l The quokka, a small Australian marsupial, looks like a cross between a rat and a kangaroo. Unlike its kangaroo cousin, the quokkas method of evading predators is to dig underground tunnels and also to climb trees.quokka指代短尾矮袋鼠这一类动物，应用单数形式，改为quokkas.l When trying to memorize someones name, it is helpful to repeat his or her name during the initial meeting and to make a name association.someone指某人，应使用单数形