专四词汇详解.doc

1）通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如：police, people,cattle,militia,poultry等，通常作复数，用复数动词。如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。4）a committee,etc. of 复数名词如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of 复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.近义词辨析tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, worn out这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。tired:可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息，还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。如：Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫，一到家就上床睡觉去了。exhausted：表达的疲惫程度最强，指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。如：The exhausted engineer fell asleep on the bus.精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。fatigued：表达的疲劳程度比tired和weary强，表示由于过度劳累而引起疲乏，不能再继续下去。如：He felt fatigued and didnt want to say a single word.他疲惫不堪，不想说一句话。weary：语气比tired强，指由于长时间努力工作或由于做单一的事而引起疲倦。如：After a long and weary wait, the plane finally came to take them back.经过漫长而又令人疲乏的等待后，飞机终于来接他们回去了。worn out：这个词不太正式，多用于口语。如：The troops were worn out after winning the battle.战后,部队疲惫不堪。1. Although _ Spanish, he attended the course.A. he was knowingB. he is knowingC. having a knowledge ofD. knows2. You _that letter to James. However, you didnt.A. ought to writeB. ought to have writtenC. should writeD. should be writing3. Joseph was very lucky _ with his life; he almost did not get out of the room.A. to escapeB. to have escapedC. to escapingD. to be escaping4. Bread and butter _liked by Westerners.A. isB. areC. wereD. be5. The back garden of our house contains a lawn, _very pleasant to sit on in summer.A. which isB. which it isC. it isD.where it is答案及详解：1. C句意：虽然只懂一点西班牙语，但他还是参加了这个课程的学习。难点：know是静态动词，不能用于进行时；选knows从句中又缺少主语。knowledge作“知识”讲时是不可数名词，但作“了解”讲时，前面可加“a”，常用于词组have a knowledge of中，所以选C 2. B句意：你本应该给詹姆斯写信，然而，你没写。难点：ought to have written是虚拟语气，与本句句意相符。3. B句意：约瑟夫幸运地逃了性命；他险些没从房间里逃出来。难点：to have escaped 是不定式的完成式，表示过去的某一动作业已完成。4. A句意：黄油面包受西方人青睐。难点：bread and butter 是西方人吃的一种食品，虽然有三个字，表达的却是一个东西，并且是不可数名词，作单数。5. A句意：我家的后花园有一片草坪，夏天坐在上面会令你心旷神怡。难点：which引出非限制性定语从句，在句中作主语，且和sit on 构成动宾关系。类似的句子有：This room is comfortable to live in 这句中live in 和this room构成动宾关系。6. He set up in business _ his own and was very successful.A. inB.ofC.onD. by7. Johns score on the test is the highest in the class; he_last night.A. must studyB. should have studiedC. must have studiedD. is sure to study8. Frank almost never received any education, _?A. would heB. did heC. didnt heD. wouldnt he9.Even if his letter _ tomorrow, it _too late to do anything.A.will arriveisB.should arrivewereC.arriveswill beD.arriveswould be10. We can hear_from the back of the room.A. just as goodB.just as easyC.just as wellD.easily as well答案详解：6. C句意：他独自一人开始经商，并且做得很成功。难点：on ones own 是个常用的介词词组，意为“独自”；of onesown表示“某人自己的（东西）”，如：I have a flat of my own.我自己有套房子。7. C句意：约翰的考试分数全班最高；他昨天晚上一定学习了。难点：表示对过去某一动作行为的猜测须要用must have done这一句型结构。8. B句意：弗兰克几乎从未受过任何教育，是不是?难点：这是一句含有否定副词never的一般过去时的句子，由于主句为否定形式，所以反意问句用肯定形式。9. C句意：即使他的信明天到也无济于事了。难点：在条件句中表示现在将来的时间，需要用一般现在时，主句中使用将来时。10. C句意：我们在房间的后面也能听得很清楚。难点：as well意为“（程度）同样地好”，是副词短语修饰动词hear；just表示程度，意为“刚好”。11.It was during summer breaks that we first taste the satisfaction work that _ into hard currency.A. translatesB. transfersC. transplantsD. transmits12.In some cases, your instructor may tell you the topics _or may give you a choice of topics to write about.A. in advanceB. ahead ofC. above allD. right away13.It was the drivers _ that caused him to step on the gas instead of the brake after his car went over the curb.A. fraudB. alarmC. terrorD. panic14.Danny left this _ message on my answering machine:“I must see you. Meet me at twelve oclock.” Did he mean noon or midnight?A. ambiguousB.responsibleC. implicitD. thoughtful15.We looked for a table to sit down, but they were all _.A.reserved forB. engaged inC. used upD. taken up答案及详解：11. A句意：暑假期间，我们第一次尝到了把劳动变成货币的滋味。难点：translate意为“变换，把转化成”；transfer意为“移交，迁移”；transplant意为“移植（器官）”；transmit意为“传染（疾病），传达（知识）”。12. A句意：在有些情况下，你的导师会事先告诉你题目或把题目给你由你选写。难点：in advance意为“事先，预先”；ahead of意为“在之前”；above all意为“尤其，最重要的是”；right away意为“立刻；马上”。13. D句意：车上了马路边后，司机由于惊慌，没踩刹车，却踩了油门。难点：panic意为“惊慌，慌乱”；fraud意为“欺骗，骗局”；alarm意为“警报”；terror意为“恐怖”。14. A句意：丹尼在我们回答机上留下一条模棱两可的信息：“我必须见你。12点来接我。”他是说中午还是半夜?难点：ambiguous意为“模棱两可的；含糊的”；responsible意为“负责的”；implicit意为“暗含的”；thoughtful意为“沉思的，思考的”。15. D句意：我们要找个桌子坐下，可是所有餐桌都已有人。难点：take up意为“占去（时间、地方、注意力等）”；reserve for意为“为留出，保留”；engage in意为“从事；参加”；use up意为“用完，用光；耗尽”。16. Under this _ pressure some of the rocks even became liquid.A. intensiveB.weightyC.intenseD.bulky17. Of course, most immigrants did not get rich overnight, but the _ of them were eventually able to improve upon their former standard of living.A. maximumB.minorityC. majorityD.minimum18. Nancy was surprised that they have _. They seemed to be a happy couple.A. split upB.broken downC. fallen throughD. knocked out19.The beach is in an ideal _ to draw tourists.A. conditionB. situationC. stateD. publicity20. Our _sensitivity decreases with age. By age 60, most people have lost 40 percent of their ability tosmell and 50 percent of their taste buds.A. sensibleB. senseless C. sensitiveD. sensory答案及详解：16. C句意：在这种强大的压力下，一些岩石甚至变成了液体。难点：intensive意为“加强的；集中的”;weighty意为“沉重的；笨重的”;intense意为“强烈的，剧烈的”;bulky意为“庞大的；粗壮的”。17. C句意：当然，大多数移民不是一夜之间就发财的，但是他们大多最终改善了自己的生活水平。难点：maximum意为“最大限量；最高点”;minority意为“少数，半数以下”;majority意为“大多数”;minimum意为“最低限度，最低点”。18. A句意：南希对他们的离婚表示十分惊讶，因为他们似乎是一对快乐的夫妇。难点：split up意为“分裂，离婚”;break down意为“（精神方面）垮掉；（健康）变得衰弱；崩溃“;fall through意为”失败；成为泡影“;knock out意为”使筋疲力尽“。19. B句意：这片海滩所处位置理想，吸引了很多游客。难点：condition意为“状况；形势”;situation意为“位置，地点，环境”;state意为“状态，情形”;publicity意为“公众的注意，名声”。20. D句意：我们的感官能力随着年龄的增长而下降。比如说，到60岁的时候，多数人失去了他们40%的嗅觉能力和50%的味觉能力。难点：sensible意为“明智的，合情理的”;senseless意为“失去知觉的，不省人事的”;sensitive意为“敏感的”;sensory意为“感觉的，传递感觉的”。21. The eldest child is thoroughly _ because they always give him whatever he wants.A. wastedB. spoiledC.destroyed D.uneducated22. If a substance is dissolved in water or heated, it may _ a gas.A. give intoB. give overC. give offD. give away23. His manner was so pleasant that Bolla felt at _ with him at once.A. peaceB. largeC. easeD. best24. Can you takethe day off tomorrow? Well, Ill have to get _ from my boss.A. permissionB. permitC. allowanceD. possession25. The _ in Janets character has hindered her from advancement in her career.A. weaknessB. meritC. defectD. shortcoming答案及详解：21. B句意：他们的大孩子被彻底宠坏了，因为他要什么，他们就给什么。难点：waste意为“使衰弱；使消瘦”;spoil意为“宠坏，溺爱”;destroy意为“破坏；毁灭”;uneducated意为“未受（良好）教育的”。22. C句意：如果一种物质溶解在水里或被加热，它可能释放出一种气体。难点：give into为非固定搭配；give over意为“托付，交托”；giveoff意为“散发”；give away意为“送掉，分发（奖品）等”。23. C句意：他那平易近人的风度使得博拉立刻放松了情绪。难点：at peace意为“和平地”;at large意为“自由地；大体地”;at ease意为“不拘束”;at best意为“至多”。24. A句意：你明天能休一天吗? 呵，我要征得老板的允许。难点：permission意为“允许”；permit意为“许可证”；allowance意为“津贴”；possession意为“拥有”。25. C句意：詹妮特的性格缺陷阻碍了她事业进步。难点：weakness意为“弱点；嗜好”;merit意为“优点，长处”;defect意为“缺点，缺陷”;shortcoming意为“缺点，短处”。used to的意义和用法used to （只有过去时形式，没有现在时形式）表示过去习惯动作或状态，这种情况现已不复存在。例如：He used to smoke a lot, but he has long given up smoking.在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中，用didnt use to或usednt to均可：He didnt use to smoke cigarettes.He usednt to smoke cigarettes.Didnt Maria use to be interested in the theatre?Usednt Maria to be interested in the theatre?在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式：Used you to go to the same school as Edward?Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?近义词辨析use, apply, avail, employ, utilize这组词均含有“使用”或“利用”之意。use:强调利用人或物作为工具。例：He used up all his resources in experimenting with the new paint.他为实验新的涂料，花光了一切钱财。apply：指把某物或某种方法、原理等加以应用。例：We should not only know the theory but also know how to apply it to practice.我们不仅要知道理论，还要知道怎样把理论应用于实践。avail：指使用就近的或他人给予的东西，或使别人为自己提供服务。例1：I dont think complaints will avail you much.我觉得抱怨对你没多大用处。例2：We avail ourselves of every opportunity to speak English.我们利用一切机会讲英语。employ：指使用未被利用的东西；用于人时表示雇用。例：He doesnt know how to employ his energy and time.他不知道该怎么利用他的精力和时间。utilize：指充分发挥某物的作用，使无用的东西变有用，或使人或物有新用途。例：She hopes to utilize her artistic talents in the job.她希望在工作中发挥她的艺术才能。全真模拟试题1. My pain _apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”A. must beB. must have beenC. had beenD. had to be2. It is only when you nearly lose someone _ fully conscious of how much you value him.A. do you becomeB.then you becomeC. that you becomeD.have you become3. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere.A. as it isB. so isC. the same asD. and so is4. While driving along the treacherous road, _.A. my right rear tyre blew outB. my right rear tyre had a blowoutC.I had a blownout on my right rear tyreD. I had my right rear tyre blowout5. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro American poetry is his insistence that it _in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analysedB. has been analysedC. be analysedD. should have been analysed答案及详解：1. B句意：我刚一走进房间时一定表现得很痛苦，因为我遇到的第一个人同情地问我：“你没事吧?”难点：must与完成时不定式连用往往表示对过去发生的事情的主观推测，常译成“一定是”。2. C句意：只有当你快要失去什么人时，你才充分意识到他对你是多么重要。难点：该句是一个典型的强调句式，即It isthat3. B句意：正像土壤是地球的一部分，大气层也是。难点：Just as，so为一固定结构，意为“正如，也”。4. C句意：当我在险峻的山路上驾车急驰时，车的右后胎爆了。难点：此句为一个带有时间状语从句的主从复合句。在英语中，由while, when等引导的时间状语从句，如果其主语与主句中的主语相同，从句中的主语可以省略，而只剩下分词短语。驾车的应该是人，所以只能从C和D选，而D的意义不符，所以选C。5. C句意：杰恩瓦格那对亚非诗歌最永恒的贡献是他坚持认为，这类诗歌除用凡俗的参考框架，还应用宗教的参考框架进行研究。难点：insistence是个从insist派生来的名词，二者后面分别接同位语从句和宾语从句，句中皆应使用虚拟形式，即should 动词原形或动词原形。全真模拟题：6._ there is little we can do to modify the weather, we can at least know what kind of weather to expect.A. SinceB.WhenC.WhileD. Unless7.This organization brought Western artists together in the hope ofmaking more of an impact on the artcommunity _ any of them could individually and to promote Western art by women.A. rather thanB.ratherC. thanD. other than8. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them _ suffering and poverty.A. anything butB. nothing butC. none other thanD. no more than9. After _seemed an endless wait,it was her turn to step into the doctors office.A.itB.thatC.whatD. which10. The board deemed its urgent that these files _right away.A. had to be printedB. should have been printedC. must be printedD. should be printed答案及详解：6. C句意：尽管我们在改变天气方面无能为力，但我们至少知道天气未来的变化。难点：while除表示时间外，还可表示转折、让步，意为“尽管，虽然”。该句中其它选项不具备此意。7. C句意：该组织把西部艺术家聚集在一起，希望他们比任何个人都能更多地影响艺术界，并由妇女来促进西部艺术。难点：选项C的than与句中的more形成正确搭配，意为“比都”，故为答案。8. B句意：但是多年以前瑞士人就发现连年不断的战争给他们带来的只有苦难和贫穷。难点：nothing but意为“仅仅，只不过”；anything but意为“除以外的任何事”；none other than意为“不是别人，正是”；no more than意为“不过，仅仅”。9. C句意：在经过一段似乎是漫无边际的等候之后，终于轮到她走进医生的办公室。难点：在由after引导的介词短语中，what seemed（to be）起定语作用，修饰an endless wait.又如：I saw what seemed to be a fox.我看见一个似乎是狐狸的东西。10. D句意：董事会认为这些卷宗应立刻打印。难点：urgent在句中做形式宾语it的补足语，其后的宾语从句应使用虚拟式，即should 动词原形。11. His answer was so confused that I could hardly make any _of it at all.A. explanationB. meaningC. senseD. interpretation12. You should have your eyes tested every year in case the _ofyour spectacles need changing.A. lensesB.glassesC.sightsD.crystals13. The school committee hoped that their choice of play would be _ with the students and their parents.A. recognizedB. popularC. favorableD. fascinated14. By cutting down trees we _ the natural home of birds and animals.A. harmB. hurtC. injureD. damage15. Mr. Robinson knew that the most trivial chore could prove to be a _if approached with enthusiasm.A. prizeB. rewardC.refundD. bonus答案及详解：11. C句意：他的答案很不清楚，我根本弄不懂。难点：sense意为“意义；含义”,短语make sense of意为“弄懂的意思”；explanation意为“解释，说明，阐述”，侧重说明事件的真相、原因；meaning意为“意义，意思；含义”，但不能在make sense of 短语中代替sense；interpretation意为“解释，说明，阐明”，比较正式。12. A句意：你应该每年检查一次自己的眼睛，因为你的眼镜镜片也许需要更换。难点：lenses意为“镜片”；glasses意为“眼镜”；sights意为“视野；风景”；crystals意为“水晶，晶体”。13. B句意：校董会希望他们选择的那出剧会受到孩子和家长的欢迎。难点：popular意为“讨人喜欢的；得人心的；受欢迎的”。recognized意为“被赏识的；受表彰的”。favorable意为“赢得赞许的；讨人喜欢的”，但后面不能接with.fascinated意为“被迷住的，被弄得神魂颠倒的”。14. D句意：我们砍伐树木的行为损坏了鸟兽的自然家园。难点：damage意为“加害于，损伤”；harm意为“对有害”；hurt意为“疼痛，受伤，（精神上）伤害”；injure意为“使受伤”，身体受外力伤害。15. B句意：罗宾逊先生知道，如果带着热情去做，最琐碎的家务也能证明是一种报偿。难点：reward意为“报答；奖赏”；prize意为“奖金，奖品”；refund意为“退款”；bonus意为“奖金，红利”。全真模拟题：16. The trade unions in this industry are _ any reduction in wages.A. objecting againstB. opposed toC. reacted toD.resisting against17. She was teaching me _you would teach a younger child to speak the language.A. the wayB.in the wayC. a wayD.to the way18. The Brownings have not _ yet and I doubt whether they will come.A turned inB. turned outC.turned upD. turned to19.We went on a（n） _ to the mountain yesterday.A.excursionB.tripC. tourD. travel20.When Sarah and I _ on an article for the school newspaper, we found it difficult to work together.A. compiledB. gatheredC. collaboratedD. collected答案及详解：16. B句意：该行业工会反对降低工资。难点：be opposed to意为“反对，对抗”；object against不常用；react to意为