从句的译法.doc

名词从句的译法英语名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。翻译这类从句时，大多数可按原文的句序译成对应的汉语，但也还有一些其他处理方法。一、 主语从句（一） 以what、 whatever、 whoever 等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按原文顺序翻译。1）What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。2）Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave a very deep impression. 他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。二、 宾语从句（一）用that, what, how 等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。1）I also told him how appealing I found the offer. 我也告诉他，这提供的机会对我有多么大的吸引力。有时可加“说”字，再接下去译原文宾语从句的内容。1） He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。 三、 表语从句英语表语从句和宾语从句一样，一般可按原文顺序翻译。1） What he emphasized over and over again was that no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch. 他所再三强调的是，不管多么困难，他们决不应该后退寸步。2) That was how a small nation won the victory over a big power.就这样，小国战胜了大国。四、 同位语从句（一） 同位语从句汉译时不提前1） As an obedient son, I had accepted my fathers decision that I was to be a doctor , though the prospect interested me not at all. 作为一名孝顺儿子，我接受了父亲的决定，要当医生，虽然我对这种前途毫无兴趣。（二） 同位语从句提前1）They were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender. 对于他宁愿自杀也不投降这个假设，他们是很怀疑的。（三） 增加“即”（或“以为”）或用冒号、破折号分开1）But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good . 但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。这里我们顺便讲讲用单词、短语作同位语的译法。（一）说明身份、称号的英语同位语往往放在专有名词后面，汉译时一般放在前面。1）According to Snyder, my cousin, Oswald mentioned this matter.根据我表兄斯奈达的叙述，奥斯瓦德提到过这件事。（二） 限定性同位语以及用形容词、数词等作进一步说明的同位语在英语中往往放在本位语后面，汉译时一般无需改变位置。1）I have been to all the cinemas in this city, big or small. 这个城市的电影院我都到过，大的也罢，小的也罢。定语从句的译法英语定语从句的译法主要涉及到限定性定语从句的译法和非限定性定语从句的译法。一、 限定性定语从句（一） 前置法把定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，将复合句译成汉语单句。1） It is a consolation to know that they will surely carry on the cause for which Edgar snow strove so faithfully all his life. 了解到他们一定会把斯诺终身为之奋斗不渝的事业继承下来，这是一件令人快慰的事情。2） The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。（二） 后置法如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往可以译成后置的并列分句。1） They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。2） He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each. 他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。（三） 溶合法溶合法是指把原句的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子的一种翻译方法。由于限定性定语从句与主句关系密切，所以溶合法比较适用于翻译限定性定语从句。1） There were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。还有些带有定语从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组做主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。1） These were the meeting that engineered Khrushchevs “resignation” on the ground of “advancing age and deteriorating health.”这些会议促使赫鲁晓夫“辞职”，其理由是他的“年纪越来越大，而且健康状况恶化”。二、 非限定性定语从句（一） 前置法1） He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。（二） 后置法1. 译成并列分句1） The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, (flowers) which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.这些花以前一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在他们突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。2. 译成独立句1） He had talked to vice-president Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 他和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向他担保，凡是能够做到的都将竭尽全力去做。三、 兼有状语职能的定语从句翻译时应善于从原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系，然后译成汉语各种相应的偏正复句。1） We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我们知道由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看的很清楚。2） There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以使他们都很喜欢。3） My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically. 虽然我的助手在实验以前已从头到尾仔细地阅读过说明书，但由于他死搬硬套，所以不能得到满意的结果。4） He would be a short-sighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.谁如果只守城堡而不往远处看，那他就是一个目光短浅的指挥员状语从句的译法英语状语从句包括表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等等各种从句。一、 表时间的状语从句（一）译成相应的表示时间的状语 1) While she spoke, the tears were running down. 她说话时，眼泪直流。2）Please turn off the light when you leave the room. 离屋时请关电灯。（二）译成“刚（一）就”的句式1） Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain. 我们刚一到就下雨了。（三） 译成并列的分句1) They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid. 他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了.二、 表示原因的状语从句(一) 译成表“因”的分句1) The crops failed because the season was dry. 因为气候干燥，作物歉收。（二）译成因果偏正复句中的主句1) Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。（三）译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句1) “You took me because I was useful. There is no question of gratitude between us,”said Rebecca. “我有用，你才收留我。咱们之间谈不到感恩不感恩，”丽贝卡说。三、 表示条件的状语从句（一） 译成表“条件”的分句1） It was better in case they were captured. 要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。“只要”、“要是”、“如果”、“一旦”等等都是汉语表示“条件”的常用关联词，在语气上，“只要”（“只有”）最强，“如果”最弱，“如果”也用来表示假设。（二） 译成表示“假设”的分句1） If the negotiation between the rich northerly nations and the poor southerly nations make headway, it is intended that a ministerial session in December should be arranged. 要是北方富州和南方穷州之间的谈判获得进展的话，就打算在十二月份安排召开部长级会议。“如果”、“只要”、“假设”等都是汉语中用来表示“假设”的常用关联词。汉语中表示“假设”的分句一般前置，但作为补充说明情况的分句则往往后置。（三） 译成补充说明情况的分句1） You can drive tonight if you are ready. 你今晚就可以驾车，如果你愿意的话。四、 表示让步的状语从句（一） 译成表示“让步”的分句1） While I grant his honesty, I suspect his memory. 虽然我对他的诚实没有异议，但我对他的记忆力却感到怀疑。“虽然”、“尽管”、“即使”、“就算”等等是汉语中表示“让步”的常用关联词。汉语中表示“让步”的分句一般前置（但现在也逐渐出现后置现象），英语中则比较灵活。（二） 译成表“无条件”的条件分句1) Whatever combination of military and diplomatic action is take