俄语情态动词.doc

(Dat.) . I have to meet friend of mine. Use , , , and with nouns, and make sure the form that you use agrees with the noun (e.g. ). (Dat.) (Nom.) is like English For me a red pen is needed, but the better translation is I need a red pen. . I need a pen. . I need wine. . I need a pencil. . I need rings. ? What do you need? Short adjectives are predicatives, i.e. they correspond to is/are. The past tense is formed by adding the past forms of after : . She should (ought to) write her mother. Shes supposed to write her mother. . She should have written her mother. She was supposed to write her mother. . We should work harder (more). Were supposed to work harder. Note that with the person involved is in the Nominative case, whereas with the o-form have to, must the person involved is in the Dative case (as is normal with o-forms, e.g. Im cold): . She has to (must) write her mother. . We have to (must) work harder (more). The predicative must, have to is ambiguous when the negative particle precedes: can mean either mustnt/shouldnt or dont have to, but the usual interpretation is mustnt/shouldnt. The unambiguous way to express dont have to is to use a form of the verb can, be able to with the particle placed before the infinitive that accompanies it: I dont have to write, you dont have to write, etc. In these constructions the infinitives are Imperfective. In a more conversational style you can omit the words in parentheses. Necessity: . You have to clear off the table. Prohibition: . You mustnt/shouldnt clear off the table. No necessity: () . You dont have to clear off the table. Another way of expressing no necessity is to use the predicative . This is a handy way to give a short answer to a -question: () ? Do I/we have to clear off the table? , . No, you/we dont. (Its not required.) , () . No, you dont have to clean up. , () . No, you dont have to clean up. , . Yes, you/we/someone really must. The past tense of is ; it is just as ambiguous as . It can mean either shouldnt have or didnt have to. () . You didnt have to do that. or: You shouldnt have done that. The negative of one may, one can is one may not, one cannot. (The usual way of forming the negative with is not possible with the word .) Use the Imperfective aspect with , unless youre talking about the impossibility of getting something done on a specific occasion: Impf. . You cant cross the street here. (No jaywalking!) Pf. . You cant cross the street now. (Theres too much traffic.) and are predicative words; use the Dative case with them if you want to specify the person involved. , . The doctor said I cant get up. (I must stay in bed.) 小结：1. +v, have to do, , , and +n., need sth.的主体（人）用第三格，和后面的名词一致.。Prohibition: 否定回答用,(三格) 或 。The past tense of yt ylj is yt ylj ,kj。2. should (ought to) (有性数变化)的主体用第一格，3. “can, be able to” (有变位，主体用第一格) unambiguous way to express dont have to。The negat