综合B完形填空.doc

第六篇 Teaching and learningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities(职责) for learning lie with(是的责任) the student. If a long reading assignment(n.任务，作业) is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information（信息）_in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The idea （理想）_ student is considered to be one who is motivated(v.刺激，激发的积极性) to learn for the sake of(为了) learning（学习）_, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with（带回来） brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible（对负责） for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned （选定）_ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum(最少的) guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how(如何) a university library works; they expect students particularly (尤其) graduate students to exhaust(v.耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论) the reference _ sources(资源) _ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer(更喜欢) that their students should not be too(太) dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides(除之外) teaching, such as administrative(adj.管理的,行政的) or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited(有限的) . If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either _ approach(接近)_ a professor during office hours or make an appointment(n.约定，约会).教与学许多教师认为学习是学生的责任。如果教师布置了一篇阅读的任务，即使他们没有在课堂上讨论过或者考试过，他们还是期望学生熟悉这篇读物里的信息。理想的学生被认为是那种为了学习而有动机地学习而不是那种只对高分感兴趣的学生。有时被发回来的作业上只有简短的评价，并无分数。即使不给分数，学生也有责任学习布置的材料。当一项研究课题被选定时，教授们期望学生积极去做并且以最少的指导完成。在图书馆查找书籍、杂志和论文是学生的责任。教授们没有时间去解释一个大学的图书馆如何运行；他们期望学生，尤其是研究生阅尽图书馆中的文献资源。教授们愿意帮助需要帮助的学生，但是更希望学生不要太过依赖他们。在美国，教授除了上课以外还有其他职责，比如管理工作或研究工作。因此一个教授能分给学生的课外时间是有限的。如果一个学生对课堂作业有问题，他应该在办公时间找老师或者预约。*第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element(n.元素，成分，要素) that our theories dont yet account(解释)_ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about _ what(那些) _ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, dont. In fact, computers dont even (甚至) have interests;there is nothing in particular(尤其, 特别) that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program（程序）_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a purpose.Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense（合理） to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in （为了） order to satisfy hunger or entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣) goals, or to find （寻找） a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的) and social goals give rise （导致） to several intellectual(adj.智力的，聪明的) or cognitive(adj.认知的，认识上的) goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to(引起, 导致) goals to find information（信息） about the name of a restaurant which serves（供应） the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ acquire（获取） information or knowledge, what we are calling learning（学习）_ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might（可能）_ want to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in（以方式） the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise（起于） out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well(很可能) arise out of the goal to learn more about restaurants.人与电脑的区别是什么让人有别于电脑程序？我们的理论还没有解释的缺少的要素是什么？答案很简单：人们阅读报纸故事为了学习更多他们感兴趣的东西，而电脑不是。事实上，电脑甚至连兴趣都没有，当它们试图阅读时它们没有寻找任何特别的东西。如果一个电脑程序是理解故事模式，那它也是为了某个意图去阅读。诚然，人类的意图若是被强加到电脑身上便没有任何意义。一个要可能会读就餐指南，只是为了解决饥饿或是有娱乐目的，也可能是为了寻找一个吃商务餐的好地方。电脑不会饿，也不吃商务餐。然而，这些心理和社会目标会导致一些智力或者认知目标。一个想要解决饥饿的意图会促使这样的念头产生：找到一个提供我们想要的食物的餐厅，这餐厅叫什么名，价位如何，在什么位置等。我们把这些为了获取信息或者知识的目标叫做学习目标。电脑也能有这些目标；一台电脑也许“想要”寻找餐厅的方位，并且为了做得像一个人一样去阅读一个指南。虽然这样的目标就电脑来说不是产生于饥饿，但电脑很可能从这个目标去获得更多关于餐厅的信息。*第八篇 Look on The Bright Side Do you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐观的，乐观主义的), someone who always expected（期望） to be successful? Having someone around who always fears（恐惧） the worst isnt really a lot of fun（乐趣）. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, It looks like（像） rain. But if you catch yourself thinking such things,its important to do something about（对此） it(代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实).You can change your view of life, according（根据） to psychologists(心理学家). It only takes a little effort, and youll find life more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有报酬的) as a result（结果）. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but its also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer（提供）. Optimists are more likely（很有可能） to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育) is obviously(adv.明显地，显然地) very important in forming your attitude（态度） to the world. Some people are brought up to depend（依赖于） too much on others and grow up(成长) forever blaming(v.责备，归咎于) other people when anything goes（发生） wrong. Most optimists,on the _other（另一方面） hand, have been brought up not to regard（把.看作） failure as the end of the worldthey just get on（继续） with their lives. 看光明的一面你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗？想过让自己变成一个总是期待成功的人吗？若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣-就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片云便要说下雨。但是你要是发现自己也这样想了，那就要必要针对它采取一些措施了。根据心理学家的说法，人们可以改变对生活的看法。只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报给你的更好。人们说乐观主义在一定程度上是自尊和自信，但它也是对待生活和它所给予的一种积极态度。乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目，通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。 很显然，成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的。有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯，一旦事情出了差错，便责备他人。然而另一方面，许多乐观主义者被教导，不要失败当成世界末日，只需继续生活。*第九篇 The First Bicycle第一辆自行车 The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count(伯爵) de Sivrac delighted（使.喜悦） onlookers(观众) in a park in Paris as he showed off(炫耀) his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifer. It was basically an enlarged（扩大） version of a childrens toy which had been in use（在使用中） for many years. Sivracs celerifer had a wooden frame, made in the shape（形状） of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either endTo ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard（努力） against the ground（地面） with your legsthere were no pedals(踏板，脚蹬子). It was impossible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制) a celerifer and it had no brakes(闸，刹车),but despite these problems the invention very much appealed（吸引） to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding（举行） races up and down the streets. Minor injuries（受伤） were common as riders attempted a final burst(爆发，突发，爆炸) of speed（速度） . Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction（方向） was to pull up the front of the celerifer and turn（掉转） it round while the front wheel was spinning（自旋） in the air. Celerifers were not popular for long,however,as the combination（组合） of no springs(弹簧), no steering and rough roads(起伏路) made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so,the wooden celerifer was the origin（始祖） of the modem bicycle.第一辆自行车自行车的历史可以追溯到两百多年前。1791年，西夫拉克伯爵在巴黎的一个公园里向众人展示并炫耀了自己的发明，一架被称为”celerifere”的双轮车。它主要就是一个使用了很多年的儿童玩具的扩大版。西夫拉克的”celerifere”有一个马形状的木框，两端分别装有一个轮子。坐上一个小座位便可以骑了，就像现在的自行车一样，但双脚要使劲蹬地因为没有脚踏板。操纵方向和刹车也是不太可能的，尽管有这些问题，这个发明在当时还是吸引了许多巴黎时尚的年轻人。很快他们便举行了比赛，在街上到处骑。当骑手尝试最后冲刺时，受到一些小伤是很普通的事情。控制那台机器是很难的，改变行驶方向唯一的方法是拉起车前身，当前轮还在空中打转时掉转车头。然而这种木制的双轮车并没有流行很长时间，结合了没有弹簧、没有方向舵，以及遭遇不平整路段等问题，木制的双轮车骑起来十分不舒服。尽管如此，这种木制的”celerifere”还是现在的自己车的始袓。*第十篇 Working Mothers Carefully conducted(v.实施，实行) researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view（观点） is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number（很多） of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested(投资) such a big part of their lives in establishing(建立) a career that they cannot afford（负担） to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic(经济上的) necessity（有必要） . Many mothers are not cut （适合于） out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant(婴儿，幼儿), they feel trapped(v.使陷入困境，使受限制) and isolated(使隔离，使孤立). There are a number of options(选项，选择) when it comes（涉及） to choosing childcare. These range from child minders(照顾者) and nannies(保姆) through to(直到) Granny(奶奶) or the kind(好心的) lady across（对面） the street. In reality（在现实状况下）, however,many parents dont have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter （无论） how good the childcare may be,some children are going to protest(抗议) wildly(激烈的) if they are left. This is a perfectly（完全） normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months,but soon after that they start to get a crush(依恋, 压烂) on Mum and close family members（成员） . Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of（大量） time to help your child settle in(安顿下来).All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached(依恋于) to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do（做） the best for your children, its not the quantity(数量) of time you spend with them，its the quality（质量） that matters.*第十篇 Working Mothers Carefully conducted(v.实施，实行) researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view（观点） is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number（很多） of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested(投资) such a big part of their lives in establishing(建立) a career that they cannot afford（负担） to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic(经济上的) necessity（有必要） . Many mothers are not cut （适合于） out to be full-time parents.