名词及复合词.doc

名词及复合词Countable and uncountable nounsl 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词前可以加a/an或以复数形式出现。不可数名词不与a/an连用，也没有复数形式。Weve got three children, two cats, and a dog.It was good to get out into the countryside and breathe in some fresh air.l 在英语中，有些通常认为不可数的名词在其他语言里面是可数的housework jewellery advice applause cash chess clothing conduct courage dancing dirt employment equipment evidence fun furniture harm health homework housing information leisure luck money mud music news nonsense poetry pollution produce progress research rubbish safety shopping sunshine transport underwear violence weather workl 有时一个名词被当作整体物质或概念看时作不可数名词用，但是在下列情况中作可数名词：1. 已被认可的装东西的容器I prefer tea to coffee. Three teas, please.2. 某个东西的类别、品牌或样式等 Theres cheese in the fridge. There were dozens of cheeses.3. 某个东西的类别或具体的东西的一例 She has blonde hair. Theres a hair in my soup!4. 某种物质或概念的某个实例 The statue was made of stone. I had a stone in my shoe. She was always good at sport. Football is a winter sport in Britain.l 有些名词作可数名词或不可数名词时意思不同competition glass grammar iron jam lace paper room time workAgreement between subject and verbl 主谓一致She lives in China. More people live in Asia than in any other continent.l 如果句子的主语是复合主语，后面所跟动词的形式由主语中的中心名词决定。Many leading members of the opposition party have tried to justify the decision.The only excuse that he gave for his actions was that he was tired.l 一些以单数形式出现的名词既可以看作单数名词，也可以看作复数名词The council has/have postponed a decision on the new road.Audience class club community crowd department enemy family generation government group population press public school staff team universityl 一些名词常以复数形式出现，后面跟动词的复数形式。Belongings clothes congratulations earnings goods riches savings stairs surroundings thanks名词police people staff后面也永远跟动词的复数形式l 有些以-s结尾的名词看起来像复数，但是用作句子主语时，后面跟动词单数形式：news, means; 某些学术科目：economics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, physics; 某些运动：gymnastics; 某些疾病：diabetes, measles, rabies.比较：Politics is popular at this university. Her politics are bordering on the fascist.Statistics was always my worst subject. Statistics are able to prove anything.l Any of, each of, either of, neither of或none of与复数名词连用，后面跟动词的单复数都可以。但是，在较正规的英语书面语中，多用单数形式。I dont thik any of them knows where the money is hidden.Neither of the French athletes has won this year.l a/the majority of, a number of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of)或some (of)与复数名词连用，后面跟动词的复数形式。但是，the number of.后跟动词的单数形式。A number of refugees have been turned back at the border.The number of books in the library has risen to 5 million.l Any of, none of, the majority of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of)或some (of)和不可数名词连用，后面跟动词单数形式。All the furniture was destroyed in the fire.l Each和every跟单数名词连用，后跟动词单数形式。Every room has its own bathroom.The boys have each drawn a picture.l Everyone, everybody, everything及类似单词后面用动词单数形式。Practically everyone thinks that Judith should be given the job.l 有些带复数名词的短语，包括一些涉及度量、总量或数量的短语，被看作一个整体，后面跟动词单数形式。About three metres separates the runners in first and second places.The fifty pounds he gave me was soon spent.l 当主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的成分构成，动词用复数形式Jean and David are moving back to England.但是，如果由and连接的短语被看作一个单一的个体，动词用单数Fish and chips is Toms favourite at the moment.Research and development is very important.l 当主语是由(either).or.或(neither).nor.连接的两个或两个以上的成分构成时，一般采用就近原则。 Either the station or the cinema is a good place to meet.Neither the President nor his representatives are to attend the meeting.Either the teachers or the principal is/are to blame for the accident.l 在percent/%之后An inflation rate of only 2 percent makes a big difference to exports.Around 10 percent of the forest is destroyed each year.I would say that about 50 percent of the houses need major repairs.Of thouse interviewed, only 20 percent admit to smokingThe possessive form of nounsl 名词所有格的书面表达：s, Philops car womens liberation movement Boysl 谈论人们之间的关系时，可以省略所有格An uncle of Marks. An uncle of Mark.l 在句子的意思非常清楚的情况下，可以省略后面的名词Whose hat is this?Toms.l 句子中使用s或of+名词结构在意思上差不多Irelands beauty or the beauty of Irelandthe companys policy or the policy of the company但是，下列情况中多用s当这个名词涉及某个或某些特定的人Toms illness the childrens coats谈论时间的时候Next years holiday prices last nights TV programs.下列情况用of+名词与无生命的名词连用The cover of the book the contruction of the book谈论某个过程或时间上的变化The establishment of the committee the destruction of the forest当这个名词是个很长的名词短语She is the sister of someone I used to go to school with.Compound nounsl 当某个特定的组合常被用作一个新名词时，叫作复合名词a glass house the kitchen cupboard a night flight a morning call a language teacher a window-cleaner A milk chocolate bara tablecloth waste paper a word-processorl 把一个复合名词变为复数只需要把第二个名次变成复数形式Coal min(s) office-worker(s)但是，由of或in连接的两个名词构成的复合名词变成复数时，要把第一个名 词变成复数形式bird(s) of prey rule(s) of thumb commander(s)-in-chiefl 有些复合名词由“-ing+名词”构成，这个形式通常说明后面名词的功能A living room drinking water chewing gum a working party名词+ing：film-making sunbathing risk-taking life-saving有些“名词+名词”构成的复合名词不合适，可用“s+名词代替”第一个名词是第二个名词的使用者A babys bedroom a lions den第二个名词是由第一个名词生产的Ducks eggs cows milk比较：lamb chops chicken drumsticks谈论人或物身体上某个部位时A womans face a boys arm a whales tail 比较：a pen top a computer keyboard the window frameA number of shoppers _ complained about the price increases.I can assure you that everything _ perfectly safe.Either of the dentists _ available. Which one do you want to see?The majority of primary school teahers _ women.Each of Toms classmates _ sent her a personal letter of support.Although some people find cricket boring, each match _ different.Weve