图解式英语佳句写作67.doc

第六章 Chapter 6 The Dependent Clause（从属子句）预备知识前面学习过用并列连词for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so等链接相关的理念以构成并列复句。 另一种链接理念的办法便是使用从属连词。带有从属连词的句子叫做复杂句。常用从属连词（Commonly Used Subordinating Conjunctions）after if whenalthough since wheneveras though whereverbecause unless whetherbefore until while从属连词如同并列连词那样是用来链接从属子句的。但不同的是，它不是提供给每一个子句以同等地位的关系。从属连词强调的是其中一个被从属化的子句。 独立子句与从属子句的对比（Independent versus Dependent Clauses）我们已知，一个独立子句（它能独立存在）必须含有主语、动词和相对完整的意义。而一个从属子句也有主语和动词，但它们的意义不够充分而让它们各自独立存在。其中一个需要从属于另一个子句，才能语义相对完整。当我们使用从属连词去连接子句时，它们开始都是相对独立的。但合并后关系就相互依存了。例如The ship returned to port. Its propeller was broken.这两个子句各自包含的信息都是同等重要的。但实际上第一个句子的信息似乎更重要些。首先要知道船已经回港。为了突出它的重要性，作者便利用从属连词引出一个状语从属子句说明它回港的原因（可用#表示状语从属子句）： Because its propeller was broken.全句图解如下The ship returned to port. #because its propeller was broken. (independent clause) (subordinating conjunction) (dependent clause)如果让这个从属子句独立存在，它的信息（Its propeller was broken）的重要性就轻多了。让它单独存在，由于意义相对地不完整，它便成为残缺语块了。因此，从属连词的使用不能忽视主体意识的重要性。练习一 辨认从属连词先划出下列句子的主句，然后划出它的从句，最后标记它的从属连词例如: The crowd raced for their cars #after the football game was over.1. Gas prices increase during the summer because many people drive on their vacations.2. Although the Congress consists of the House and Senate, they are distinctly different legislative bodies.3. Golfers can play all day and night in Finland since the sun never sets.4. The teenagers partied each day while their parents were away.5. Before an earthquake sends tremors through the ground, some scientists believe animals can somehow sense it is going to happen.6. The amateur hoopsters loved to travel first class as if they were a professional team.7. Until their economy failed, the Russians were considered a world power.8. Whether she spoke with royalty or peasants, Mother Teresa was always humble.9. The students had a study session every Sunday evening unless there was a good concert at the student center.10. Whenever the cartoonist finished a weeks worth of strips, she rewarded herself with four cookies and a cold glass of milk.练习二 运用从属连词阅读下列各句的意义，然后在空格处填入恰当的从属关联词1. The butcher sliced fifty pounds of roast beef each morning_ the deli down the street sold it all during lunch.2. _ the blackjack player had a good hand, he pulled on his left earlobe.3. The cruise ship passengers stayed out on deck _the breeze became too strong and too chilly.4. _the United States purchased Alaska from the Soviet Union, it became known as “Sewards Folly.”5. His parents have to have the cracked windshield fixed _he can take the drivers test tomorrow.6. _the ozone layer is protected, harmful radiation will cause more skin cancer.7. _ the bullet train gained speed, the passengers became more nervous.8. _some workers sliced the lettuce from their stalks, others placed the heads into cardboard boxes.9. The table had to be cleaned _the waiter let the guests sit down.10. The pear tree lost a limb_ the wind blew over 40 miles per hour.正确标点从属子句（Punctuating Dependent Clauses）从前面的练习中我们已经得知，有些从属子句需要使用标点，有的则不需要。这要看这些子句是否位于主句的前面。从句位于主句前，就用逗号隔开，否则就不用。例如#After the cornerstone was laid, the mayor dedicated the building. | |dependent clause independent clause#Because the lunar rover had (specially designed )tires, it could maneuver on the moon. | |dependent clause independent clauseThe surgery was successful #although the patient remained ill for weeks. | |independent clause dependent clauseThe rainbow appeared #after the thunderstorm raged for an hour. | |independent clause dependent clause练习三 造复杂句将下面成对的句子改写为复杂句。在每一个成对组合中，用适当的从属连词，将第一个独立子句变成从属子句。标点要使用正确。例如# Because the man （at the front door） was a stranger, Tajel did not let him .1. She was from a desert region of Nevada. Her desire was to be a ski instructor.2. Jennifers test scores were very high. She was accepted at twelve universities.3. The Oscars ceremony was completed. The stars drove off in their limousines.4. The NATO peacekeeping force accomplished its goal. The fighting would cease.5. The restaurant changed its menu to all Tex-Mex. Sales skyrocketed.练习四 造复杂句将下面成对的句子改写为复杂句。在每一个成对组合中，用适当的从属连词，将第二个独立子句变成从属子句。记住不要使用逗号。例如The wolves howled across the valley. They wanted the pack to hunt.The wolves howled across the valley #whenever they wanted the pack .1. Winnie couldnt help diagnosing everyone in her family. She had become a doctor.2. The alligator is essentially solitary. The piranha lives in schools.3. The movie studio head threw an expensive party. His movies were a box office success.4. Corporate headquarters never ordered extra parts. The factory produced more DVDs.5. The game can never begin. The National Anthem is sung.练习五 造复杂句将下面成对的话题书写为六个复杂句。在每一个成对组合中，用适当的从属连词，其中三个的前面子句应该是从属子句。另外三个相反。标点要使用正确。1. Hit/Catch2. Cook/Eat3. Work/Promotion4. Vote/Elect5. Success/Luck6. Driving/Accidents练习六 整理从属子句的标点 给下列段落中的从属子句以正确的标点符号，可去掉不恰当的标点。Because stress is not prejudiced it affects everyone. Every person who has experienced stress can give it his or her own definition. Many describe it as a feeling of wanting to jump out of their skin, because they sweat and their skin becomes clammy. Some of the causes of stress are divorce, moving, or changing jobs. Although stress can be positive too much stress can cause lifelong damage. After people have a very stressful episode they often are too fatigued to work or interact with others in a productive way. Overly stressed individuals have difficulty staying focused, while they try to juggle too many responsibilities.练习七 整理从属子句的标点 给下列段落中的从属子句以正确的标点符号，可去掉不恰当的标点。Because the building was so huge the hallways seemed like highways. It was another year and another new school occupied by strange faces. Although I knew there was much to look forward to getting past the blank stares and unfamiliar buildings was always the hard part. I was expected to act and perform normally, after my world had just been through months of turmoil. Believe me, climbing in and out of a U-Haul every few years is about as stressful an activity as any seventeen-year-old ever confronts. Its not something Ill be looking forward to a few years from now.章节任务自我评估（Chapter Self-Assessment Test）在下列叙述中，用T或 F判断其内容的真实性Subordinated sentences are formed by using a subordinating conjunction to change one independent clause to a dependent clause.The resulting sentence is a compound sentence.When the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, you do not have to follow the dependent clause with a comma.When the dependent clause follows the independent clause, a comma is placed after the independent clause.第七章 Chapter 7Adding Information to Sentences（增添句子信息）引导性短语（The Introductory Phrase）我们已经知道有许多方法给单句或独立子句增添信息，或者进一步解释该句的主要理念，同时又能丰富句子的文采。其中最重要的方法就是在句首采用引导性短语（可能是多个短语）。它们常用逗号与句子的主体分开。引导性短语，都是句前状语，是主句的动词修饰语。例如At the beginning of the tournament, the team played rather poorly.Because of the weight loss program, Lees cholesterol was reduced.At the barn, the workers made a plan( for harvesting all five hundred acres of wheat).When driving across the country, Rosita always has the radio .练习一 辨认引导性短语划出下列各句中的引导性短语或短语群，并加上逗号以便使它们与主句隔开。例如: To the Navy Seals, the insurmountable obstacle was just (another) challenge (to overcome).On the stove in the kitchen, a small egg timer rang its warning.1. On an African safari the tourist group saw giraffes, lions, and elephants.2. At first I did not see the need to know CPR for my job as a lifeguard.3. Made of thick steel the frying pan looked like it would last forever.4. More often the traffic is heavier in the evening than in the morning.5. To most surfers around the world the fear of shark attack is of little concern.6. All in all it was a very profitable day selling pennants outside the stadium.7. For the very first time in the companys history its stock price went down.8. Being thin and tall the model easily fit into all the designers latest gowns.9. As worn and rundown as the town itself the old feed store was a symbol of the towns decay as a business center.10. Whether guilty or not the defendant seemed believable when testifying.练习二 辨认引导性短语划出下列各句中的引导性短语或短语群，并加上逗号以便使它们与主句隔开。1. After the matinee showing the tour bus left Las Vegas and headed for Reno.2. Because of an allergic reaction the best swimmer on the team has to miss the meet.3. On most sunny days the students gathered in the quadrangle to read and visit.4. Inside the hull a ton of grain awaited transfer to the trucks waiting on the dock.5. Over the mountains the highway trailed away like a giant black snake.6. Around the dance club and near the alley five low riders gleamed hauntingly.7. Under the bridge a homeless person had established a camp.8. Through the looking glass in the famous story Alice found her Wonderland.9. As lava eventually cools it turns to rock.10. In the Galpagos Islands off of western South America Darwin made important discoveries that helped him create his theory of evolution. 引导性短语的多样化（Introductory Phrase Variety）当引导性短语足以帮助说明和澄清独立子句中主要理念的 “who, what, where, when, why, and how” 时，就起到了最佳作用。例如Who Being Chuck Norris, he could do his own martial arts stunts for the show.As King of England, Henry the Eighth had the power.What Snow day after snow day, school was closed for an entire week.Large and sturdy, four garbage bags were used .Where In India, people use tusked elephants like we use forklift trucks.At the Smithsonian Institute, historical artifacts are on display.When In the spring, crocuses and tulips bloom even when there is still snow.Each morning, the newspaper was flung into the bushes (near the porch).Why With little fuel in the tank, the barbeque grill wouldnt ignite.Because of the hurricane threat, all boats were moored in the harbor.How By twisting his body to the left, the electrician squeezed through the shaft.After adjusting the carburetor, the driver won the next heat.练习三 书写引导性短语给下列各个独立子句加上一个引导性短语。标点要正确。在附加的圆括号内用who, what, where, when, why, or how.等词，说明它们的阐述作用。例如: the contestants could not answer.After the buzzer sounded, the contestants could not answer. (Why)1. the plane returned to the airport. ( )2. fishing became a favorite pastime. ( )3. the clouds darkened, and the rain came pounding down on the village. ( )4. the two teams shook hands and went to the locker room. ( )5. losing to her opponent was especially painful. ( )6. Denise decided the Mediterranean cruise was much too expensive. ( )7. they needed to buy extra ice and fans.( )8. Lonnie jumped right back up into the saddle. ( )9. three hundred geese landed on the small pond. ( )10. all three intersections were blocked by the train. ( )通过使用引导性短语，可以清晰地阐明句中人和事之间的特殊影响、目的和关系。例如DescriptionBeing 6 feet 6 inches tall and weighing 260 pounds, the first-year football player was selected to be one of the starting defensive ends.By expanding and fluttering beautifully colored tail feathers, the peacock hopes to attract a mate.Cause and effect Because of the low voter turnout, the party in power retained its majority.Caused by too many people using major appliances, the brownouts continued throughout the night and into the next day.Definition Having four sides of the same length, the square is one of the basic geometric designs used in architecture.By crying and throwing toys, the child hoped his tantrum would force his parents to let him watch more cartoons.Comparison By acting rather than complaining, the newest employee was promoted before those with more seniority.After the conservatives won and the liberals lost, the school board voted to accept the new budget for the upcoming fiscal year.Process By calculating the jet stream position and isobar readings, the meteorologist put together her forecast.By counting deposits against expenditures, the bank teller balanced the cash drawer.Persuasion With skyrocketing tuition and fees, parents should start college funds for their children before theyre born!As the IRS is increasing its tax rate on earnings, donating to charity is becoming a more attractive method of reducing taxable income.练习四 辨认引导性短语的目的在下列各句附加的圆括号内用description, cause and effect, definition, comparison, process, 或persuasion等词，分别注明采用引导性短语对句子的表达效用。每个词只能使用一次。1. As interest rates on loans and credit cards climb, it would be wise to consolidate all bills into one payment to a single lending company. ( )2. With snowcapped peaks and thick cloud cover, the Himalayas offer some of the worlds most spectacular scenery. ( )3. By using sonar and dazzling speed, dolphins hunt successfully in groups and as individuals. ( )4. In foggy conditions or bright sunlight, driving lights have reduced the number of automobile collisions. ( )5. Because of not recruiting younger members, the gang eventually became too old and too small to scare anyone. ( )6. Consisting of a compartment for air and a breathing tube, the aqua lung has revolutionized undersea exploration. ( )练习五 用引导性短语造句书写五个以引导性短语做句前状语的简单句。标点要正确。在圆括号内用所学的词语分别注明采用引导性短语对句子的表达效用。每个词只能使用一次。_练习六 整理引导性短语的标点在下面的段落中给引导性短语一个恰当的标点。In the movie Schindlers List the harshness of racism in World War II Nazi Germany was realistically brought to the screen. Throughout the movie the idea that “the only good Jew is a dead Jew” was dramatized. During the war Nazi Germany believed that all Jews were inferior, not only to Germans, but also to most of humanity. Because of this superior attitude the only way to truly depict the violence of Nazi racism was to show the indiscriminate murder of the Jews in as realistic detail as possible. For example in one scene the Jews are herded like cattle into train cars and taken to a concentration camp where they are killed by poisonous gas before being incinerated in giant ovens. Because of the realistic interpretation many moviegoers found the movie both moving and disturbing.练习七 整理引导性短语的标点在下面的段落中给引导性短语一个恰当的标点。After graduation from high school prospective college students are faced with the dilemma of which college to attend. All things being equal should a local or out-of-state school be considered? Of course financial concerns are always a factor in the decision. Most important should the money come from parents, loans, scholarships, grants, or some combination of all four sources?After all accumulating debt prior to graduating just adds to the pressure of finding a job afterward.引导词（he Introductory Word）另一种使句子变得多样化和富有节奏感的办法是采用引导词，也叫句子修饰语，实际上是独立的句前插入语。虽然它们不是用来合并句子，但其作用不可忽视。例如Yes, I will be going to the show.Well, I might buy a motorcycle instead of a car.Obviously, Einstein was an intelligent person (by any standard).引导词的标点（Punctuating the Introductory Word）如同做句前状语的引导性短语一样，引导词后面也要有逗号，然后接主要子句。何时使用引导词（When to Use Introductory Words）引导词除了使句子变得多样化和富有节奏感外，还能给句子增添有用的信息。常见引导词（Commonly Used Introductory Words）Ah OhCertainly Sure, surelyHmmm TypicallyHowever WellNevertheless YesNonetheless Names of people and petsNo being addressed按下列五种理由使用引导词：1. 给予肯定或否定的答复Yes, the team has won three games in a row.No, I dont think I will be majoring in Refuse Disposal Management.2. 呼叫某人的名字Lennox, bring the newspaper into the dining room. Henrietta, please come to the dinner table.3. 表达惊奇或惊叹Oh, what a gigantic cake!Ah, I never suspected that the butler did it!4. 表达转折语气However, the business picked up during the next quarter.Nevertheless, I will continue to support the school boards decision.5. 表达深思后的停顿Well, I was actually thinking about buying a different model of car.Hmmm, that doesnt sound like something that would interest me.练习八 辨认和标点引导词 划出下列各句中的引导词，并正确地标点1. No taking the drivers exam is not possible until Monday morning.2. Ah that picture of the Orion Nebula is amazing.3. Nevertheless we are spending a full week in Toronto.4. Eugenia dont drive over the speed limit tonight.5. Yes the mechanic says he can fix the radiator.6. However the other team has a better pitching staff.7. Hmmm I cant decide on sausage or pepperoni on my pizza.8. Oh I think that news is fantastic.9. Well I might go hang gliding if the weather conditions are good.10. Mischa dont leave your dirty clothes on the floor.练习九 辨认和标点引导词 划出下列各句中的引导词，并正确地标点。在附加的圆括号内用affirmative or negative reply, address by name, surprise or wonderment, contrast, or contemplative pause等词，说明它们对句子的阐述作用。例如:Ah, thats the biggest hamburger（Ive ever seen）! (surprise or wonderment)1. Germaine please turn the air conditioning down. ( )2. Nevertheless the new supermarket will be built where the current childrens amusement park is located. (