2011年11月12托福机经写作提纲(前13套).doc

20101203NA综合：绝迹的啄木鸟真的存在么？1.照片难以确定，因为必须通过声音。（identified by their sounds rather than looking） 拍摄者有足够经验（photographers have enough professional knowledge to recognizing them）2.在large area in the forest 没找到nests（fail to find the nests of this bird in large areas） 鸟（ has low population of density, there is a distance about 25km between nests.）3.有人说听到声音，但sound 被其他noise干扰 sound独特，其它鸟无法模仿（the sound of the bird is unique and its impossible for other species to imitate it）独立：不用帮孩子做作业，鼓励他们自己写。1.社会发展快，家长角色被广泛讨论（what role parents should play has been widely discussed, some people believe that帮孩子重要,how ever, in my opinion, I hold that ）2.帮助孩子养成独立思考习惯（enables children to get into the habit of thinking independently）,习惯依赖父母就会一直依赖，会变懒。3.更好的学习相关知识（be able to grasp relevant knowledge better ）否则父母需要一直讲 例子？4.但是有时候问父母很重要（sometimes, it is more efficient to solve problems by asking parents help）,父母的经验更丰富之类5. As we can see above , despite(父母经验丰富)，孩子应该自己思考。20101210NA综合：debate about是否在elementary school 教授musical 类课程。文章反对。1.影响其它诸如数学科目的复习时间（distract students attention and influence the study of other major course）helping them relax themselves and raising the efficiency of study 2.浪费财力（school have to spent a lot to open music course）expense of this in long-term and in the long run can save money.3.对找工作用处不大（music or other relevant knowledge can not do any good when they are hunting for jobs） music could cultivate childrens personality, do good in more aspects.独立：做完一个project再做一个还是两个同时？1.人们要做的越来越多，如何安排时间做好很重要（of great importance），尽管做多件可以节省时间（running more than just one project could save time to some extent），但是我认为做完一个再做一个重要（finish projects one by one）2.做一件做起来快（enable people to concentrate on it and have a better chance of finishing it more quickly） 例子3.只做一个效率高（people could deliver high-quality results by doing just one thing）做多件的弊端（distract attention, great pressures and tight schedule ）4.但是有时候做一些相关的事情的时候一起做可以节省时间,但是比较难。There for, in most cases, people had better deal with one thing at a time.5.finally we can see above, despiteIt is a better choice to 20101218NA综合：pine tree forest 可以受到自然的保护1.冬天天气冷，吃它的虫子（pine beetles）数量减少（frozen to death, which result the harm to the trees reduced ）2.pine tree 本身可以flush out beetles with wap(have a unique feature that they can flush out beetles with wap)3.虫子只吃老树，对新的不感兴趣(pine beetles just feed selectively on old trees, and in this way ,young trees could be left enough time and space to grow)教授：1.人类活动，气候变暖，冬天虫子增多（nowadays human activities have lead to global warming and the ensuing increase of pine beetles ）2.pine tree的这种本领需要水 但是因为人为因素 所以此功能无法发挥(water is the prerequisite to make possible this function while the lower and lower level of ground water has already prevented trees from protecting themselves by flushing out beetles)3.人类farm导致现在只有很少的young trees,所以pine tree forests恢复能力很差(the way people farm leads to great reduction of young trees and therefore ,it is hard for pine tree forests recover)独立：一个人比另一个有钱，俩人能做朋友么？1.友谊是人类最珍贵的情感（friend ship is our most cherished human affection）2.34520100619NA综合：Reading:Narswhal, a species of whale. It has husk, which may have three functions.First, tusk is used to pierce through the ice sheet. So narswhal can breathe.Second, tusks are used as weapon, attacking other whales.Third, tusk is used to sense the ocean properties such as pressure, temperature.Listening: Disagree. Each argument has its weakness.First, tusk will bend under pressure. It is too flexible to break the ice. Ice sheets break by themselves.Second, tusking is a unique for them to communicate with other narswhal. Closer observers found that Narswhal use their tusks to gently rub other narswhals.Third, all of male Narswhals have husks, but only a few of females have husks. But females live longer than males.独立：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If you need to discuss upsetting or controversial problems with others, Using e-mail/text messaging is better than using telephone/voice-messaging.1.讨论upsetting的problem，选择用e-mail or text messaging to express myself,3reason for that.2.我是sensitive person,认为tiny expression and nonverbal behavior as embodying special meaning.3.交流更自如:allow people to pour out feelings that they are to embarrassed to state directly4.避免争端：best way to avoid conflict and misunderstanding5.尽管时间宝贵，还是建议slow done and relax for a minute ,think about what we are going to say and try to write them down and than communicate the messages to others. 附加：1.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If you need to discuss upsetting or controversial problems with others, using e-mail/text messaging is better than using telephone/voice-messaging.Agree.SP1. When using e-mail or text messaging, it will be easier for the receiver to understand and accept your point of view. Firstly, without interruption, you are able to constantly present your thoughts. Secondly, you will have more time to organize your message and develop a detailed presentation with unruffled clam.SP2. If you use telephone to exchange ideas, you have to write down your partners idea in time and its likely that you ignore one or two points. But this is never a limitation of Emails.SP3. Emails are especially suited when you are contacting your professor or leader, because they often have tight schedulesthat means, they dont always have enough time to telephone you.20101211NA综合：罗马海军打希腊，希腊人造了burning mirror 传说？1.希腊人没有那么高技术(did not master technologies advanced enough to produce weapon like this)2set fire 的时间非常长(could not last for a long time while those battle recorded were known for flaming and lengthy burning )3.有flaming arrow,两者目的一样，所以没必要造burning mirror(considering that there were flaming arrows at that time, burning mirrors are of no necessity)教授：1. there were other weapons invented by ancient Greeks which involved more advanced technologies and have been proved by historical records 2.since ship at that time were made of flammable pitch and wood, a sparkle was strong enough to set on a huge and disastrous fire3.burning mirrors surpass flaming arrows in many aspects and were more popular in ancient Greek army.独立：Its more enjoyable to have a job, and you work only three days a week with long hours rather than work five days a week with short hours.1.人们在当今社会中面对很大的工作压力（confronted with increasingly huge pressure from work）因此工作好的同时休息好很重要。有些人选择一周忙三天，因为。但是我选择五天（I would rather work regularly five days a week with short time）2.忙三天对身体不好（could probably do great harm to peoples health）为了完成五天的工作量每天都要加班（work overtime）3.很难保持正常的家庭生活。（Hardly can e meal together with people maintain regular family life by choosing to work three days a week）不能与家人一起共进晚餐（great amount of work deprive these people of time to enjoy the meal together with family）陪孩子的时间变少等等。4.前两段总结：不仅有害身体而且减少了和家人交流时间。（I think its a wiser choice to work five days week regularly）20100924NA综合：MIMA mound的成因1.人造的,因为有证据显示他们造过类似的东西（evidences shows that the native Americans were build something resembled the MIma mounds）2.地震，有mound的地方土很松动。（earth vibrate, mima mound were found in loose soil）3.老鼠挖的（digging by rat）教授：1.那里没有任何人类留下的遗迹（there is no human relics）2.没有任何地震的地方也有类似的mound（mima mounds did not occurred in every place that experienced earthquake）3.没有人观察到那些地方也有那些地鼠（no one has ever seen that kind of ground squirrels in the places）独立：Colleges or Universities should offer more courses to prepare students for the future before they start working1.赞成（I whole heartedly agree with the statement because I believe u and c do not adequately prepare students for the world of work）只教他们专业课（u course only prepare students by teaching them about their chosen degree subjects, but does not prepare them in other important areas such as making career choice, job applications and other skills they might need in the workplace）2. 开设和专业相关的课程，告诉学生怎样的工作和他们的职业相关。（provide more information about what jobs are related to their degree）这类课程的缺乏可能导致学生不知道选什么工作或者选到他们不喜欢的工作。3.传授面试什么的知识。（Its also important to provide students with information on job hunting including applications and interviews, but also salary negotiation 谈判）4.总之，需要教授（should provide students with more career direction before they leave university to ensure students are happy in their chosen career. It should also equip them with the skills they will need to do the job in order to decrease the stress of making the transition from full time education to working life ）20101009NA综合：火箭发射到大气层去消除dioxide 的方法1.贵（the cost of sending a rocket is expensive ）2.麻烦（take a lot of effort）3.效果不明显（its not very efficient in eliminating the dioxide）教授：(机经没有？！)1.2.3.独立：在城市还是在农村更好的照顾家人？1.随着生活水平的提高，人们注重长寿。（with the advance of modern living standard, people are playing more attention on pursuing longer life, better education for their children and high quality of material and spiritual life. ）有些人选择住在rural，however, I doubt weather the argument bears much analysis.2.乡村生活有优势,可以更好的照顾家人。（usually have a much comfortable life style, most of them do not have to suffer high working stress, which could offer much free time to take care of their families ）ex:北京的交通3.城市更适于生活。（cities can offer more benefits for living）(1)have a living standards(2)孩子可以得到更好的教育（children are suppose to be able to receive an education with a higher quality ）(3)工作机会（finally ,probably the most important is there are more job opportunities readily available in big cities and the qualities of the position are much higher as well）4. All in all, I cant agree that people who live in rural areas can take better care of their families than those in urban areas.20100522NA(20090911NA)综合：鲸鱼的鳍有两种。原因：1.有的海里的鲸鱼直着游，鱼鳍两边的肌肉受力和用力一致，所以两面肌肉一样发达。如果转圈游，两面肌肉用力不均，一边发达，一边不发达，就倒了。（the whales that swim in circle not only swim in one direction, but also in the other direction）2.营养差别(nutrition is the main reason leading to the different whale fin types)3.水压差别(water pressure is another main course account for the difference between those fin types)教授：1.转圈的那些不总是向一个方向转圈，还向另一个方向转圈，所以不存在受力不均的问题。（the whale that swim in circle not only swim in one direction, but also swim in the other direction, some whales tend to swim in the clockwise direction, while other whiles prefer swimming in the anti-clockwise direction ）2.如果是营养的问题，不仅牵扯到鳍，还会牵扯到其它。鲸鱼在海里吃不同的东西，所以营养不是问题。（if the nutrition is one of the causes ,it will affect other organs besides fins of whale）(whales feed on different kinds of food) 3.有深海浅海区别，水压不同。（whales are active in both shallow and deep regions in the seas where water pressures are greatly different in two regions ）In particular, there is one special whale in the near shallow sea of New Zealand. 独立：Working at home using computers or telephones is better than working in the office?In the 21st century, the efficiency in office operation is corporations common goal. They search different ways to finish more work in limited time and space. Requiring some employees to work at home using computers or telephones rather than to work in the office is one of the effective methods to increase operating efficiency. This method will bring benefits to employees, corporations and even the whole society.同意1、使用电脑、电话更加的方便，无拘无束，时间表自己定，更加的自由，同时也免受同事打扰。 2、在家使用电脑、电话的时候，由于上边的方便条件，使得我们的工作更加有效率，能够真正拥有好的工作质量，实现工作价值啥的。3、当然了，有时候在家中工作用电脑啥的会影响家人的休息，这也是一个弊端，而办公室就不会。4.对公司来说，降低办公成本，管理成本，投入产品研发（transaction cost theory）For the corporations, requiring some employees to work at home using computers or telephones helps to reduce transaction costs of corporations, including managing costs and labour costs. According to Kesidis transaction cost theory, the larger the scale of corporation, the higher the transaction cost will be. In fact, many work does not have to be done in the office, some work such as telephone selling and data analysis can completely be finished at home as long as the information needed was mailed to employees. Actually, many corporations such as the Pacific Life Insurance Company and Amway Nutrilite Company now are considering and implementing the plan to require more employees to work at home. They make such decision because they benefit from the diminishing transaction costs of corpoonration, and the saved money can be input into the research and development of products which are more crucial for the corporations future development.5.对社会来说，减轻轨交压力(Shanghai,London,Tokyo)Finally, if some employees work at home using computers or telephones, it will lessen the burden of societys transportation system. Tourists coming to visit modern cities such as Shanghai, Tokyo and London must be impressed by the congestion in subway when people go to work or come back home. Requiring some employees to work at home can certainly reduce the number of commuters and alleviate traffic crowdedness.20100306NA綜合：一個帝國的短期消亡有三个原因1.被征服者的反抗（it is possible for people conquered to revolt which lead to the disappearance of this empire）2气候变化引起食物供应不足(foot shortage caused by climate change result in the extinction)3.贸易伙伴的制裁(sanctions were sp rigorous enough that the economy of this empire collapsed which lead to the extinction finally)教授：综合：人们应该坚持自己的梦想还是注重实现现实的梦想1.有些人认为人们应该注重实现现实的梦想，但是我认为应该选择有挑战性的。（Some people argue that one should choose more practical dream rather than challenging one because it safer, challenge dream can bring us more opportunities and help us to achieve success）2.人们会被有挑战性的梦想鼓舞。（inspirit by challenge plans）人的潜能无限。举例：3.面对挑战，人们一般会更加努力。4.现实梦想使得人们难以突破。practical prevent people from making breakthrough，人的自然本性总是很懒的。5In order to have greater success, people should wait for satisfying jobs rather than accept the secure job right away.附加：Everyone, no matter young or old, has his/her dreamsto become an astronomer, to travel around the world or just simply to have a better job. Practical dreams can surely tell you directly the next step you should take. However, challenging ones have more positive effects on people, especially to children and youth.20101105NA综合：支持太阳能教授：1.不够efficient,要占很多地方，以纽约为例（not as efficient as stated in reading ,in order to generate enough energy for supply, a huge space has to be occupied）2.生产solar power的材料总有一天要用完的(materials adopted to produce solar energy will definitely run out, hence the impossibility of permanent use of solar energy)3技术很复杂(it is so complicated that it is hard to fully adopted by people)独立：spending money on travelling and vacation or saving for future1.人们比过去有钱，所以如何花掉呢？（people are wealthier than they used to be fifty years ago, which lead to a question how to spend ones extra money ）有些人认为把钱存在银行更好，但是我认为最好出去走走2.压力很大,出去走走可以为下一阶段的工作做准备。（considering that people nowadays are under overwhelming pressure coming from their work, spending money on traveling enables people to release the hard feeling gaining from a long period of work, which ensure a higher efficiency in the coming season ）3.有知识的人得到提升的概率更大。（as people with more knowledge and experiences would be given a bigger chance of getting promoted, traveling provides people an opportunity to advance their career ）4.尽管放在银行很安全。(Even though people could feel more secured when they put a large amount money in the bank, with the rapid speed of inflation ,they will also be running the risk of losing the value of their money continuously)20101113NA综合：北极附近的恐龙冬天是否迁徙（浅析）1.没有植物吃2.群居3，速度足够教授：1.夏天长的很好，冬天可以吃残骸（long summer enables vegetations to thrive, which ensure sufficient food for dinosaurs. even in winter, dinosaurs could feed on remains of animals dead body ） 2.有一种动物群居但是不迁徙(the professor gives an example of animals who live in herb but never migrate )3.小恐龙速度不够会拖慢迁徙速度（It is very hard for young dinosaurs to catch up with the whole herd in the process of migrate）独立：To improve the quality of education, university should spend more money on salary for university professor.1.社会全面发展，提升教育水平困扰着许多的大学。（As the society is developing rapidly in many aspects, especially in science and technology, education has been given the most attention among the public. Thus, the best way of improving ones educational level is the question confuses many universities）,有很多方法可以提升教学质量，但是我认为提升教授的工资很有必要。2.老师为了多赚钱而去做兼职。（considering that teachers nowadays are adding their incom