论文∶立体车库传动系统设计.doc

XIX毕 业 设 计题目： 立体车库传动系统设计 学 生： 学 号： 院 （系）： 机电工程学院 专 业： 机械设计自造及其自动化指导教师： 年 月 日立体车库发展的现状与挑战付翠玉 关景泰，同济大学机械电子研究所，上海 。【摘要】立体车库可以在很大程度上解决中国停车拥挤现状，但是立体车库在现实发展中还有许多发展限制因素。这里介绍了立体车库发展的挫折与机遇。关键词：保有量，停车难，立体车库，改善1.立体车库的需求国民经济的高速发展以及我国的城市化水平不断加快，使得城市交通拥挤的矛盾日益突出。车辆的不断增多，城市道路设施跟不上经济发展的步伐，造成了动态交通的严重阻塞，同时停车场地设置的不合理，出现了严重的占道停车，占用居住区绿地，造成静态交通混乱现象，从而进一步加剧了交通拥挤，破坏了城市的居住环境和城市形象。动态交通和静态交通的关系形成了恶性循环。据统计，中国至 2003 年年底，机动车保有量已达到9649多万辆，按照目前的增长速度，到2005年，我国汽车保有量将达到3000万辆 ，其中轿车保有量将达到 1000 万辆。然而，目前我国城市机动车辆的保有量与停车位之比大约为 5：1，也就是说停车位的满足率只有 20% 左右。停车位严重不足，造成机动车非法停放、占道停放现象日益严重，上海市中心占道停放占总停放车辆的64% 。根据上海目前160万辆的汽车保有量计算，理想停车位应该有 208 万个，然而目前上海开放的社会车库仅有3万个车位，这就造成了许多车辆无家可归。从国际城市建设的经验看，要保证交通不拥堵，不仅要满足100% 的基本停车位，还要能满足 20% 的公共停车位。近几年新增轿车每年在200万辆左右，按停车位与轿车数之比为 1:1.2计算，每年需新增停车位290万个，才能满足停车位的需求。2.立体车库的优点随着上海的腾飞，上海的停车难问题的解决已到了刻不容缓的地步。在寸土寸金的市中心，特别是宾馆、商场、购物中心地段等车辆集中的地区，只能向空中、向地下发展，因此建造相当数量的立体停车库已到了必不可少的地步，同时立体停车库也有着不少的优点。第一，节约空间。一般情况下，其占地面积约为平面停车场的 1/21/25，机械式“立体”车库在地下和地面都可安装，最大的好处就是可以充分利用小面积向高空发展，尽量多存车辆，是土地资源紧缺、车辆容量大的场所最佳停车方式。例如，在空间有限的居民小区地面上最适合使用“垂直循环”式立体车库。这种车库每组8 层，也就是说，在原来只可停放一辆车的面积上建起的立体车库可以停放 8辆车。第二，自动化操控，使用方便。立体停车库自动化程度很高，可以进行旋转式升降，例如，小区居民下班回来停车，只要按一下与车位号对应的号码，这个车位就会旋转着降落到地面，待车主停好车辆后，再按号码，车位又回旋上升、复位。安装了立体车库的大型地下停车场则配套安装停车场智能管理系统，由经过专业技术培训的工作人员进行24小时值守调度。第三，立体车库建设成本大大低于传统停车场。据了解，传统停车场的占地和建设成本相当高昂。一般说来，普通地上停车位每个占地在15平方米左右，地下停车场每个车位的占地面积则至少在25平方米以上。如果使用立体停车库，在30平方米的空地上就可以停放一组8车位立体停车库，平均每个车位占地面积不到 4 平方米。就建设成本而言，目前小区房产开发商建一个地下车位需投资 6-8万元，某些高档写字楼地下停车位的建设成本更是高达十几万元。如果安装立体车库，在空间面积不变的情况下尽量增加停车位，可以将每个停车位的建设成本摊薄到 5-6万元。第四，安全可靠、美化环境。配备自动检测系统，各种安全机构，自动报警，消防系统及其他防范设施。汽车不会损坏，丢失。因地制宜，利用零星空地，配以外形美观的车库，美化城市环境。3.立体车库现实中的情况立体车库在各方面都有很大的优点，然而上海现有的立体车库的停车情况仍不容乐观，立体车库的发展还有很多曲折。如上海九江路浙江路口的八达停车库，它是全国最早设立的立体停车库之一，但 1994 年建成至今，成本仍未收回，平时停车量仅为15% 左右，不得已只好将停车费由 15 元降至10 元。与八达停车库的冷清相比，南京步行街边的路面停车收费点却门庭若市。4.立体车库遭受冷落的原因不难看出：在立体停车库里放车是按小时计算，一般上班族停车一天要停上九小时，就要九十元。而路面上的停车场是按天或是按次收费，每次十元。在此情况下，既使立体车库的优点再多，在金钱的诱惑下，车何去何从也应该清楚了。分析原因，立体车库备受冷落的主要是由于以下几点。首先，立体车库在我国还是新兴产业，存在着企业技术力量薄弱，缺乏自主开发能力等问题，产品的可靠性、安全性、耐久性也还不能完全保障。人们要有一个逐步接受的过程，人们对立体车库的优点还未完全接受，特别是对一些新手司机，立体车库所要求的车技比地面车库要高，令部分有车族对立体库可望而生怯。其次，市民长期的意识也很难在短时间内改变，虽然有明文禁止路边空地停车，但在大街小巷仍可随处见到违规停车的。因为大家觉得，街道是公共场所，自己把车停在上面是理所当然，干嘛要把车停到车库里面，还要交钱。显然这部分有车的市民只强调了自己的市民身份，忘记了还有许许多多无车族，他的车侵占了行人的道路。另外，市民还认为，立体车库虽然节省空间，但是也是上天下地，自己不放心爱车被高高挂起，或是深入地下。上述两点是立体车库发展曲折的根本原因，由此产生的一个恶性循环则是其直接原因。立体车库现在尚未普及，大量地面车库的存在使其在价格上不占优势。立体车库平时的保养和维修都要比路面停车库费用高，所以国家在制定价格的时候也都会相对高，价格决定市场，所以造成了立体车库常年车位空缺，就某大型立体车库的经营来算一笔帐，投资2700 多万元的立体车库现有车位224个，一天大约有200辆车停放，平均每辆车停2小时，每小时停车 7元，营业收入在3000 元左右；而日常在这里工作的操作、收费、保安、维修等员工有近20人，一天的人员工资支出为 1000元以上；车库的机械和办公用电每天 100 元；另外，车库建筑和设备总投资 2700万元，以使用期限20年计算，每天的折旧应该是3700 元，如此粗粗算来，这个立体车库每天营业收入至少在5000元才能“保本”。实际情况是，每开门一天要贴上2000元，一个月净亏 6万元。经营商的投资得不到相应的回报，极大的打击了他们的投资热情，立体车库的经营更是陷入困境，为收回成本，只能通过提高立体车库停车的价位，然而，越是价位高，越是无人问津，车位闲置的状况也越来越严重，由此便形成了恶性循环，严重的阻碍了立体车库的顺利发展。5. 结论由此可见，立体车库的发展需要国家，市民，立体车库经营商共同努力。国家必须制定相应的政策，杜绝街道乱停乱放，鼓励修建立体车库，调整价格；市民也应当提高觉悟，为城市发展，环境优化而自觉地把车停到车库中，不乱停乱放；立体车库投资商也要积极创新，提高技术水平和管理水平，改变经营观念。相信在不远的将来，我们国家的立体车库的发展也会像发达国家一样，城市的交通状况以及城市环境能得到很大的改善。参考文献1.张启君.立体车库的主要形式及技术特点，机电产品开发与创新.1999.2.吴涛，李枫.城市公交停车收费定价的研究，上海铁道大学学报.1999.3.郭强.立体车库建在建筑物内部的可行性分析，中国电梯 .2004.Status and challenge of the development of solid garageFU CuiYu, GUAN jing-tai(Tongji University Mechatronic Institute, Shanghai200292,China)Abstract In thruth,solid garage will propress along with many limit factories although it can remarkably improve the status of parking in China. In this paper ,the chance and frustration of solid garages development is analyzed KEY WORDS: Number ，Hard parking，Solid garage，Improve1.Demand of the three-dimensional garageThe high-speed development of national economy and urbanization level of our country are being accelerated constantly, make the contradiction congested in traffic of the city conspicuous day by day. The increasing constantly of the vehicle, facilities of urban road can not catch up with the paces of economic development, has caused the blocking seriously of dynamic traffic, park whom place set up unreasonable, appear parking dish serious at the same time, take up the green land of inhabited region, cause the confused phenomenon of static traffic, thus aggravated the traffic jam further, have destroyed the living environment of the city and urban image. The relation of dynamic traffic and static traffic has formed the vicious circle. According to statistics, China is by the end of 2003, the recoverable amount of motor vehicle has already been up to more than 96,490,000, according to the present growth rate, by 2005, the recoverable amount of automobile of our country will reach 30 million, among them car recoverable amount will be up to 1000 ten thousand. However, the recoverable amount of the urban motor vehicle of our country is probably 5 compared with the parking stall at present: 1, that is to say the satisfication rate of the parking stall is about 20%. The parking stall is insufficient seriously, cause motor vehicle park, park phenomenon to be day by day serious dish illegally, Shanghai center account for dish is it is it park 64% of vehicle always to account for to park. Automobile recoverable amount of 1,600,000 calculate at present according to Shanghai, ideal parking stall should have 208 ten thousand, but only there are 30,000 parking stalls in the open social garage of Shanghai at present, this causes a lot of vehicles to be homeless. Dr.eye: By the look of experience of the international urban construction, should guarantee the traffic does not have stopping up, not merely take satisfied 100% of the basic parking stalls, it still can take satisfied 20% of the public parking stalls. Unless in recent years for on the every year when it increase by car newly in the 2 million vehicle about, it in a ratio of on the 1:1 counting according to parking stall and car. Dr.eye: calculate 2, need to increase by 2,900,000 parking stalls newly every year, could meet parking stalls demands.2.Advantage of the three-dimensional garageWith the rapid development of Shanghai, the settlement of the difficult problem of parking of Shanghai has already reached the very urgent stage. In the city center where every inch of land is precious, especially the area which such vehicles as the hotel, market, shopping center location,etc. Dr.eye: concentrate, can only develop to the sky, to underground, so has built and already to a great deal of three-dimensional garage parkings reached the essential stage, at the same time there are many advantages too in the three-dimensional garage parking.First, economize the space. Generally speaking, its floor space is about 1/2/25 of the level parking area, machinery type Three-dimensional The garage can both be installed with the ground underground, the greatest advantage can fully utilize the small area to develop to the high altitude, try ones best to store more vehicles, the place that the land resource in short supply, the vehicle is big in capacity to park in the way bestly. For example, are most suitable for using vertical circulation on the limited residential quarter ground on the space Three-dimensional garage of the type. 8 storeys of every groups of this kind of garage, that is to say, only parked the three-dimensional garage built up on the area of a car and park 8 cars originally.Second, automation is controlled, easy to use. The three-dimensional automatic degree of garage parking is very high, can hoist or lower the rotatory type, for example, district residents come off duty back and park, so long as according to the number that the brass-wind instrument is corresponding with the parking stall, this parking stall will be rotated and landed to the ground, after the car owner parks the good vehicle, and then according to the number, the parking stall circles round and rises, restored to the throne again. Form a complete set and install the intellectual administrative system of the parking area after installing the large-scale underground parking of the three-dimensional garage, go on one on duty to manage hour through professional staff member of technical training.Third, three-dimensional garage build cost lower than the traditional parking area greatly. It is reported, the occupation of land and building cost in the traditional parking area is quite high. Do not generally get on very well, ordinary each occupation of land in the parking stall, about 15 square meters, the floor space of each parking stall of underground parking is above 25 square meters at least on the ground. If use the three-dimensional garage parking, can park one group and 8 parking stalls of three-dimensional garage parkings on the vacant lot of 30 square meters, the average floor space of each parking stall is less than 4 square meters. In respect to building cost, the house property developer of the district builds an underground parking stall to need to invest 60,000-80,000 yuan at present, the construction cost of some top-grade underground parking stalls of office building is up to more than ten ten thousand yuan especially. If install the three-dimensional garage, is it increase parking stall is can cost stand thin to reach 50,000-60,000 yuan each construction of parking stall to try ones best in a situation that the area of space does not change.Fourth, it is safe and reliable and beautifying the environment. Allocate the automatic detection system, various kinds of safe organizations, autoalarm, fire-fighting system and other strick precautions facility. The automobile will not damage, loses. Suit measures to local conditions, utilize fragmentary vacant lot, shape beautiful garage beyond mix, beautify the urban environment.3.Situation in the reality of three-dimensional garage There is a very great advantage in various fields in the three-dimensional garage, but the parking situation of the three-dimensional garage of what Shanghai have now still allows of no optimist, developing a lot of twists of the three-dimensional garage. If eight of the crossings of Zhejiang of road of Jiujiang of Shanghai reaches the garage parking, it is one of the three-dimensional garage parkings set up first in the whole country, but built up so far in 1994, the cost is still unrecovered, the parking amount is only about 15% at ordinary times, it have to be dropped parking fee to from 15 yuan 10 yuan that there is no alternative. Compared with the situation that eight ones that reach the garage parking are desolate, Nanjing road surface by the pedestrian street is it is it it orders to be but as crowded as a market to charge to park. 4.Reason treated coldly in three-dimensional garage Do not appear uglily: Put the car to calculate by the hour in the three-dimensional garage parking, general working clan should stop to park for one day for last nine hours, want 90 yuan. And the parking area on the road surface charge according to it or in due order, ten yuan each time. Under this situation, has already made advantage of the three-dimensional garage more, under the enticement of the money, it should know the car too what course should follow. Analysing the reason, what the three-dimensional garage is treated coldly is mainly because of the following several points.First of all, the three-dimensional garage is still the new industry in our country, it is weak that enterprises technical force exists, lack such questions as the ability to develop independently,etc., Dr.eye: guarantee that the dependability, security, durability of the products cant be complete yet either. People should have a course accepted progressively, people have not totally accepted advantage to the three-dimensional garage yet, especially to the drivers of some new hands, the required trick-cycling of three-dimensional garage is higher than garage on the ground, enable some clans owning cars to expect to the three-dimensional storehouse that but it is timid to grow.Secondly, citizen long-term consciousness either very difficult to change within short time, have proclaimed in writing to forbid the vacant lot in the roadside to park, but can still see and park in violation of rules and regulations everywhere in the streets and lanes. Because everybody thinks, the street is the public place, it is naturally to park the car above by oneself, why park the car inside the garage, pay the money. Obviously this citizen with the car of part has only emphasized ones own citizens identity, having forgotten that there are a lot of that do not there is not car clan, his car has occupied the pedestrians road.In addition, citizens still think, though the three-dimensional garage saves the space, go to the ground all over the world, worries the pet car is hung up high, or deepen underground oneself.It is that the three-dimensional garage develop the winding basic reason at above-mentioned two oclock, therefore a vicious circle that produces is its immediate cause.The three-dimensional garage has not been popularized yet now, the existence of a large number of ground garages makes it not preponderate in price. Maintenance at ordinary times of three-dimensional garage is both more costly than the garage parking of road surface with maintaining, so the country will all be relatively high when make the price, the price determines the market, so has caused the long-term vacancy of parking stall of three-dimensional garage, the management of some large-scale three-dimensional garage comes to make out a bill, investing 224 existing parking stalls of three-dimensional garage at 2700 more than ten thousand yuan, probably 200 cars park in one day, average each car park one hour, park 7 per hour, business income in 3000 yuan about; And daily in operation that here work charging, security personnel, staff of maintaining etc. Dr.eye: have nearly 20 people, personnel of one day salary expenditure is more than 1000 yuan; The machinery and official working of the garage take 100 yuan every day of electricity; In addition, the garage building and equipment gross investment are 27 million yuan, calculate with useful life 20, depreciation of every day should 3700, so thick to is it come to calculate while being thick, the business income could break even in 5000 yuan at least this three-dimensional every day such as garage . The actual conditions are, opening the door will stick 2000 yuan each day each time, 60,000 yuan of net loss in one month. The operaters investment can not get the corresponding repayment, the great investment enthusiasm of attacking them, the management of the three-dimensional garage gets into a difficult position especially, in order to regain the cost, the price that can only park through improving the three-dimensional garage, however, the price is high, nobody shows any interest in, the state left unused in parking stall is more and more serious, therefore form the vicious circle, smooth development of the serious three-dimensional garage of hindrance.5. Conclusion Therefore, the development of the three-dimensional garage needs the country, citizens, the operater of three-dimensional garage makes joint efforts. The country must make the corresponding policy, stop the street stopping putting arbitrarily arbitrarily, encourage building the three-dimensional garage, adjust prices; Citizens should heighten ones consciousness too, develop for the city, the environment is optimized but parks the car to the garage conscientiously, do not stop putting arbitrarily arbitrarily; The investor of three-dimensional garage should innovate actively too, improve the engineering level and management level, change the idea of managing. Believe in the near future, the development of the three-dimensional garage of our country will be like developed country too, the traffic and urban environment of the city can get very great improvement.List of references1.Zhang QiJun L three-dimensional garages main form and technological characteristic L electromechanical product development and innovation. Dr.eye: 1999.2.Wu Tao, Li Feng L urban public transit parks and charges the journal of research L railway university of Shanghai of the fixed price. Dr.eye: 1999.3.Guo Qiang, the three-dimensional garage is built in the feasibility within the building and analysed, the Chinese lift. Dr.eye: 2004.Status and challenge of the development of solid garageFU CuiYu, GUAN jing-tai(Tongji University Mechatronic Institute, Shanghai200292,China)Abstract In thruth,solid garage will propress along with many limit factories although it can remarkably improve the status of parking in China. In this paper ,the chance and frustration of solid garages development is analyzed Key words: Number; Hard parking; Solid garage; Improve1.Demand of the three-dimensional garageThe high-speed development of national economy and urbanization level of our country are being accelerated constantly, make the contradiction congested in traffic of the city conspicuous day by day. The increasing constantly of the vehicle, facilities of urban road can not catch up with the paces of economic development, has caused the blocking seriously of dynamic traffic, park whom place set up unreasonable, appear parking dish serious at the same time, take up the green land of inhabited region, cause the confused phenomenon of static traffic, thus aggravated the traffic jam further, have destroyed the living environment of the city and urban image. The relation of dynamic traffic and static traffic has formed the vicious circle. According to statistics, China is by the end of 2003, the recoverable amount of motor vehicle has already been up to more than 96,490,000, according to the present growth rate, by 2005, the recoverable amount of automobile of our country will reach 30 million, among them car recoverable amount will be up to 1000 ten thousand. However, the recove