名词性从句讲义及练习.doc

名词性从句讲义 名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。（一）引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。注意：1、连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。2、不可省略的连词：（1）介词后的连词（2）引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.（二）主语从句1、 主语从句在复合句作主语。 e.g. Who will go is not important.2、 用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。 e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not. 主要句型有： （1）It+be+形容词+that从句。形容词有: necessary, likely, right, important, certain, clear, obvious , strange , natural 等It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 （2）It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 （3）It+be+过去分词+that从句。有：known,exoected, believed, thought, hoped, said, reported, proved等 It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 （4）It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。 It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。 （5）It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。 It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。 为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 （1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. （3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. （4）It is strange that he should do that. （5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting. （6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. （7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation. （8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. （12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film) （13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小结:（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.（2) 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that例句4,5,6,11.3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。但有形式主语it，真正的主语放后面时that可以省略 e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.4、当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数。但what引导主语从句时，主句谓语动词的单复数依据从句表达的意义而定，如下面这个句型。What we need is more time and money.What we need are many more books.5、if不能用在主语从句中，而是用whether。但有形式主语it，真正的主语放后面时可用ifWhether he left (or not) is unknown. It is known if he left6、 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词that。That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2)从属连词whether。如：Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。注意：连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? （三）表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。 e.g. The question was who could go there.注意：连系动词“appear, look, seem”的两个常用句型 It seems/appears that. It looks/seems as if/as though(与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气)2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.3、引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1)从属连词that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2)从属连词whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注意：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 (3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever (4) 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。注意：连词because可引导表语从句。because 与 why在引导表语从句的区别：“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，The reason why is that如：The reason why he is often late is that he has the bad habit of getting late in the morning.如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因)He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果)I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。（because后面加原因）I think it is the reason why he was so angry. 我想这就是他如此生气的原因。（why后面加结果） （四）宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。宾语从句通常放在及物动词， 介词 ， 形容词后面。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.2、介词宾语从句：介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。e.g. Im interested in whether youve finished the work.Im interested in what youve said.Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。e.g. I wonder if it doesnt rain.用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。e.g. I dont know whether or not the report is true. I dont know whether/ if the report is true or not.介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.They dont know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.注意：区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句I dont know if he will come.If he comes, Ill let you know.4、宾语从句的时态变化规律：宾语从句时态与主句相呼应，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外 (1)当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 (2)当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。(3)当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排 , 经常将这类引导词置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. 5、当主语是I, we ，主句用think ,believe ,imagine ,suppose ,consider ,expect ,fancy ,guess等动词时，用否定转移. 是hope时不能转移。I think he will win the game.（否定句）I dont think he will win the game.对应的反义疑问句：I dont think he will win the game, will he?6、引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1)从属连词that。He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服注意：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，可以省略第一个连词that，放在and或者but的后面的that不能省略。Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。I know nothing about him except that he is from the south对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。. that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语+谓语+it +宾补+that-clause, that不可省略I think it certain that she will do well in her exam.小结：哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;2.当宾语从句较长时;3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;8.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;9.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;10.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.(2)从属连词if/whether。I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。7, 在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command，recommend等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。8，动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.9.介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.9.形容词后的的宾语从句表示心理状态的形容词：sure glad certain pleased surprised happy assume 在句中作表语时后面可跟宾语从句No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years .（五）同位语从句1、同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise，thought, question, reply, report, remark等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.2、that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.We are interested in the news that he told us.3、when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在定语从句中，when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句)Go and get your coat. Its in the place where you left it.(定语从句)4、引导同位语从句的关联词有三类：（1）关联词多用从属连词that。Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？（2）同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。注意：There is no doubt that he will come.There is doubt whether he will come.There is no possibility that.（3）连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。名词性从句重点与难点一、that从句作主语和宾语时，常用it作形式主语，将从句放在句末e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not. She has seen to it that all the children are well taken care of.二、that引导名词性从句的省略情况1、that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，不能省略。e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.2、that引导宾语从句时一般可省略，但在以下几种情况中不能省略。1）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时不能省略；2）当that从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时不能省略； 3）当that作介词宾语时不能省略。e.g. Hejudgedthat, becausehewasachild,hedidnotunderstandwine(1)Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.Thereasonliesinthatsheworksharderthantheothersdo.三、名词性从句中的语序名词性从句中一律使用陈序语气。e.g. He asked how much I paid for the violin.四、名词性从句中的时态呼应在名词性从句中，谓语动词的时态要与主句谓语动词的时态相一致。e.g. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when you will come and see him.He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere.Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring?五、名词性从句中虚拟语气的使用情况1、在表示“命令、建议、坚持、要求”的名词性从句中，要用“should+动词原形”形式，should可以省略。e.g. I made a suggestion that he (should) go there at once.I suggested that he (should) go there at once.The suggestion was that he (should) go there at once.2、wish引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，分与现在、过去、将来相反三种情况。e.g. I wish I were ten years younger.I wish you had posted the letter yesterday.I wish I would try again.3、在句型“It + is/was + adj.+主语从句”中，如果形容词是important, strange, natural, necessary等，从句谓语部分要用“should+动词原形”形式，should可以省略。e.g. Its strange that he (should) think so.It is necessary that he (should) go there at once.六、引导同位语从句与定语从句的that的区别同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，不充当任何句子成分且不能省略，同位语从句一般放在有具体含义的名词后，用以解释名词的含义或内容；而定语从句中的关系代词that在从句中充当主语或宾语，在充当宾语时常可省略，定语从句是对先行词的限定和修饰。e.g. TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain. ThehopesheexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.七、引导名词性从句的that和what的区别that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义，只起连接作用, 且在宾语从句中有时可省略；而what引导名词性从句时，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。e.g. That he said so made us angry .What he said at the meeting made us angry.China is no longer what it used to be.八、疑问词+ever和nomatter+疑问词的区别1、疑问词+ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句。e.g. Whoeverbreakstherulemustbepunished. Whoeverbreakstherule,hemustbepunished.2、nomatter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。e.g. Nomatterwhobreakstherule,hemustbepunished. Nomatterwhatyoudo,youmustdoitwell.注意：who与 whoever的区别 who是“谁”的意思，表示具体疑问，who相当于anyone who“无论谁”He gave whoever came to the door a smile. = He gave any person who came to the door a smile.比较：He asked me who broke the glass.（正确） 他问我是谁打的玻璃。He asked me whoever broke the glass.（错误）Whoever goes against law shall be punished.（正确） 违法的人将受罚。Who goes against law shall be punished.（错误）whatever，whoever，whichever引导名词性从句一、基本用法概说 英语中的-ever 词主要包括 whatever， whoever， whichever， whenever， wherever， however 等，其中可引导名词性从句的主要有whatever， whoever，whichever.这里所说的名词性从句主要指主语从句和宾语从句，它们通常不用于引导同位语从句，同时也很少用于引导表语从句。如： Whatever he said was right. 无论他说什么都是对的。（引导主语从句） I dont believe whatever he said. 无论他说什么我都不信。（引导宾语从句） 在某些特定的语境中，也可用于引导表语从句。如： What he wants to get is whatever you have. 他想得到的是你所拥有的一切。 二、whatever引导的名词性从句 whatever的意思是“所的一切事或东西”，可视为what的强调说法，其含义大致相当于anything that，whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语。如： Do whatever she tells you and youll have peace. 她叫你干什么你就干什么，那你就太平了。 I dont believe in letting children do whatever they like. 我不赞成让孩子为所欲为。 Goats eat whatever food they can find. 山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物。 三、whoever引导的名词性从句 whoever的意思“任何的人”，在意义上大致相当于 anybody who.whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语。如： Ill take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。 Whoever says that is a liar. 说那话的人是个骗子。 She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。 Ill give the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票，我就把它给谁。 Tell whoever you like it makes no difference to me. 你爱告诉谁就告诉谁吧，对我是无所谓的。 注：whoever既用作主语也可用作宾语（作宾语时不宜用whomever，因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用）。另外，注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：谁赢了都可以获奖。 误：Who wins can get a prize.误：Anyone wins can get a prize.正：Whoever wins can get a prize.正：Anyone who wins can get a prize. 四、whichever引导的名词性从句 whichever的意思“的那个人或事物”，在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that.whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语。如：You can pick whichever one you like. 你喜欢哪个就挑哪个。 Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize. 你们谁第一谁就能得奖。 Well eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. 哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧。 Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。五、引导状语从句的用法 whatever， whoever， whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外，还可用于引导状语从句，分别相当于 no matter what， no matter who， no matter which.如：Ill stand by you whatever =no matter what happens. 无论如何我都支持你。 Whoever =No matter who wants to speak to me on the phone， tell them Im busy. 不管谁要我接电话，就说我现在正忙。 Whichever =No matter which you buy， there is a six-month guarantee. 不管买哪个都有六个月的保修期。九、注意区分it 作形式主语的主语从句与强调句强调句句型It is/was+被强调部分+that, 去掉It is/was, that，句子仍然成立。It is natural that they should have different views. 主语从句It is only lately that he had had a family himself. 强调句What was it that he wanted? I dont know what it was that he wanted.It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem十、比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：1、whether引导主语从句并在句首Whether he left (or not) is unknown2、引导表语从句 The question is whether they will be able to help us.3、whether从句作介词宾语It depends on whether we have enough time.4、从句后有or not Whether he will come or not is not clear.5、不定式之前She cant decide whether to buy th