表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫作数词(Numeral).doc

第四章数 词4.1 概述表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫作数词（Numeral）。数词有两种。表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词（cardinal numeral），如one，twelve，ninety-three等。表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词（ordinal numeral），如 first, ninth, nineteenth等。4.2 基数词4.2.1 1-100的基数词数字基数词数字基数词数字基数词1one11eleven21twenty-one2two12twelve30thirty3three13thirteen40forty4four14fourteen50fifty5five15fifteen60sixty6six16sixteen70seventy7seven17seventeen80eighty8eight18eighteen90ninety9nine19nineteen100hundred10ten20twentyA. 十位数表示法根据上面的表格中总结如下：a. 13-19皆由3-9的基数词加后缀-teen构成。b. 21-29由十位数20加个位数1-9构成，中间须有连字符“-”twenty-onetwenty-twotwenty-three twenty-fourtwenty-fivetwenty-sixtwenty-seventwenty-eighttwenty-ninec. 其他的十位数照此类推thirty-one forty-twofifty-threesixty-fourseventy-fiveeighty-sixninety-sevenB. 百位数表示法百位数由1-9加hundred构成，如包含十位数及个位数，中间用and连接（也可以不用）；如只包含个位数，即十位数为零时，则and不可省。a (one) hundred 100three hundred 300five hundred and eighteen 518C. 千位数的表示法千位数由1-9加thousand 构成，其后有百、十、个位数的构成方法同前。a (one) thousand 1,000six thousand eight hundred 6,800five thousand eight hundred (and) ninety-eight 5,898D. 万的表示法英语里没有“万”这一单位。“万”也要用thousand表示。ten thousand 10,000E. 十万的表示法a (one) hundred thousand 100,000F. 百万的表示法a (one) million 1,000,000G. 千万及千万以上的表示法sixty million 6千万eight hundred million 8亿4.2.2基数词的复数A. 基数词相当于可数名词，可具有复数形式。six threes 六个3B. 20至90的数词发生复数变化可以表示年代或表示年龄。a. 表示年代：nineteen fifties20世纪50年代b. 表示年龄：a man in his nineties 90多岁的人C. hundred, thousand 和 million 的复数形式常接of短语，表示不确定数目。tens of thousands of people 上万人hundreds and hundreds of times 成百倍thousands upon thousands people 成千上万的人hundreds (thousands, millions) of dollars 成百 (千、百万) 美元注意：表示数量的dozen 与 score用法和hundreds, thousands 相似。即词尾加-s，后接of短语，表示不确定数目。I have told you dozens of times. 我跟你说过几十次了。They received scores of letters about their TV programs. 关于他们的电视节目，他们收到了大批来信。4.2.3基数词在句子中的作用a. 用作主语It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 据说13是一个不吉利的数字。Three of them joined the school team. 他们中有3人参加了校队。（如说the three of them则意为“他们3人”）The hundreds of people came 那几百人来了。 （通常将hundreds of看作定语）Two twos are four 二二得四。注意：1) 出现在句首的数字，一般不用阿拉伯数字，须用英文。2) 一般情况下，表达10以下的较小的数目时多用英文，表达较大的数目时多用阿拉伯数字。b. 作表语Cooper seemed to be about thirty. 库珀看上去好像三十岁。Five times five is twenty-five. 5乘5等于25。c. 用作宾语The shop-assistant wears a nine on her uniform. 那个女售货员的制服上戴着9号徽章。It is worth four hundred. 这件东西值400。（等于400 pounds或dollars）A fair used to be held here every day that had a seven in it. 过去这里每月逢七有集市。d. 作定语There was more work in the district than one man could properly do, (The Outstation, W. Somerset Maugham) 这一地区的工作比一个人实际上能做的工作多。I have told you a hundred and one times. 我跟你说过多少次了。注意：在形容词和数词同时修饰名词时，通常数词在前，形容词在后；但当数词和其修饰的名词表示整体概念时，形容词放在数词前面。例如：She won two first prizes. e. 作同位语Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗？They three joined the school team. 他们三人参加了校队。 f. 作状语I hate riding two on a bike. 我不喜欢骑自行车带人。Sitting down thirteen at dinner is deemed unlucky in the Western world. 在西方，坐在13号用餐，被认为是不吉利的。4.3 序数词 现将第1-20的序数词（包括其缩写式）列表如下：数字序数词缩写数字序数词缩写第一first1st第十一elenventh11th第二second2nd第十二twelfth12th第三third3rd第十三thirteenth13th第四fourth4th第十四fourteenth14th第五fifth5th第十五fifteenth15th第六sixth6th第十六sixteenth16th第七seventh7th第十七seventeenth17th第八eighth8th第十八eighteenth18th第九ninth9th第十九nineteenth19th第十tenth10th第二十twentieth20th4.3.1 英语序数词的构成A. 第1-19序数词的构成除first, second与third 有特殊形式外，其余的由基数词加后缀-th 构成。B. 第20至第90的整十序数词的构成先将十位数的基数词的词尾-ty 中的-y变为-i, 然后加后缀-eth, 例如：twentieth20ththirtieth 30thfortieth 40thC. 20以上，100以内的非整十序数词的构成20以上，100以内的非整十数字构成序数词时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间须有连字符“-”。twenty-first21stthirty-second32ndforty-fourth44theighty-seventh87thD. 整百、整千、整万序数词的构成由hundred, thousand等加-th, 前面加有关的基数词构成。(one) hundredth100th (one) thousandth1,000thten thousandth10,000th(one) hundred thousandth100,000th注意：序数词 hundredth, thousandth, millionth, billionth之前的“一”只可用one，不可用a。E. 多位数序数词的构成多位数序数词的后位数如包含1-9时，后位数用序数词，前位数用基数词，中间出现零时，须用and连接。two hundred and first 201stthree thousand two hundred (and) twenty-first3,221st4.3.2序数词在句子中的作用A. 作主语The first is better than the second. 第一个比第二个要好。The first of October is our National Day. 10月1日是我们的国庆节。B. 作表语She was (the) fourth in the exam. 她考试得第四名。She was the third to arrive. 她是第三个到的。C. 作宾语He was among the first to arrive. 他是首批到达的。He held up a piece of paper folded into fourths. 他拿起一张折成四折的纸。D. 作定语A third man entered the room. 第三个人进入房间。January is the first month of the year. 元月是一年中的第一个月。On Friday, the 10th instant, Mr. and Mrs. Cole celebrated their silver wedding-day. 科尔夫妇于本月10日星期五庆祝他们的银婚。注意：试比较下面的两个相同的基数词和序数词因为在短语中的位置发生变化而产生的意义变化。 the first two chapters 头两章the two first prizes 两个一等奖E. 作状语When did you first meet him? 你什么时候和他首次见面的？He came second in the race. 他赛跑获第二名。F. 作同位语Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一个人是谁？4.4倍数、分数、小数与百分数的表示法4.4.1倍数A. 两倍表示法a. twice表示两倍：Twice nine is eighteen. 二九十八。This box is twice as large as that one. 这个盒子是那个盒子的两个大。This box is twice larger than that one. 这个盒子比那个盒子大一倍。b. again表示两倍：My aunt is as old again as I am. 我姑姑的年龄比我大一倍。c. double表示两倍The top-brand cigarettes are often sold at double the normal price here. 这里名牌香烟售价经常比正常价高一倍。B. 三倍表示法a. triple n. 三倍数Eighteen is the triple of six. 十八是六的三倍。（英汉大词典，陆谷孙）b. triple a. 三倍的 a triple dose of medicine 三倍剂量的药c. triple v. 增至三倍，使成三倍The farm tripled its profits last year. 农场去年利润增至三倍。（英汉大词典， 陆谷孙）His income tripled. 他的收入增至三倍。（英汉大词典， 陆谷孙）C. 四倍表示法a. quadruple n.80 is the quadruple of 20. 80是20的四倍。b. quadruple a. 四倍的The firm has an annual profit quadruple that of ours. 他们公司年度利润是我们的四倍。c. quadruple v.（使）成四倍They quadrupled output to around 20 million tons. 他们把产量增至2,000万吨左右，是原来的四倍。（英汉大词典，陆谷孙）D. 多倍表示法a. 表示倍数用foldonefold 仅含一个的，单一的twofold a. & ad. 两倍的（地）threefold a. & ad. 三倍的（地）三以上的倍数类推，即fourfold, fivefold, hundredfold等，其用法同twofold。例如：a twofold increase 两倍的增加He repaid the money twofold. 他加倍偿还了那笔钱。The value of the house has increased fourfold since 1939. 房价自1939年以来增加了4倍。b. 表示三倍或三倍以上可以用基数词加 times at ten times normal speed以十倍于正常速度的速度three times the size of是的三倍大three times as large as比大两倍Output of coal increased four times （或fourfold）. 煤产量增加了3倍。注意：下列同义句的表达方式不同：GDP (gross domestic product) was four times as great as that of last year. 国民生产总值是去年的4倍。GDP (gross domestic product) was four times greater that of last year. 国民生产总值比去年增加了3倍。E. 其他表示倍数的方法见下列各例：Three fours are twelve. 三四得十二。Three times four is twelve. 3乘4得12。How much （或 What） is three times four? 3乘4得多少？This shows a 200% increase over the previous year. 这说明比去年增加200%。4.4.2分数A. 分数的构成表示分数时，分子须用基数词，分母用序数词。分子如是1以上，表示分母的序数词须用复数形式。如下表所示：1/32/33/5a (one) thirdtwo thirdsthree fifthsB. 特殊分数的读法a. 1/2读作a (one) half（不读作one second）b. 1/4读作a (one) quarter 也可以读作a (one) fourthC. 百分数的读法%读作per cent5% 读作five per cent 0.5% 读作 (naught) point five per cent d. 数学中可都用基数词读, 如：12读作 one over two23读作 two over three注意：复杂的分数多用此读法，如：17/286读作seventeen over two hundred (and) eighty-six。e. 整数与分数之间须用and连接 读作 five and a halfC. 分数的用法a. 作前置定语时，注意下列写法与读法：a one-third kilogramme 三分之一公斤a two-thirds kilogramme 三分之二公斤注意：分数中如果分子大于或等于二，分母的序数词用复数形式。b. 由quarter构成的分数相当于名词时，与它相当于形容词作用的写法要求有差异。相当于名词时用不用连字符皆可，相当于形容词时需要有连字符。例如：three-quarters (three quarters) of a kilogramme 四分之三公斤a three-quarter kilogramme 四分之三公斤4.4.3小数小数读法是：小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同。小数点后则须将数字一一读出。6.18six point one eight2.228 two point two two eight 0.26 naught point two six = nought point two six = zero point two six4.5数学算式表示法4.5.1加、减、乘、除算式8+8=16Eight plus eight equal(s) sixteen.9-3=6 Nine minus three is six. 1515=225 Fifteen multiplied by fifteen is two hundred and twenty-five.305=6Thirty divided by five is six.4.5.2比例与乘方、开方1019 the ratio of ten to nineteen 1263=42 The ratio of one hundred and twenty-six to three equals forty-two. 8的乘方The square of eight =3 The square root of nine is three. =3 The cubic root of twenty-seven is three. (17-+65/5) -(43)=15读作：Seventeen minus the square root of nine, plus sixty-five over five, minus four times three, equals fifteen. 4.5.3面积表示法A. 用by表示面积：fifteen metres by six metres90米（15米6米）B. 用square表示面积：90 square metres 九十平方米4.6编号4.6.1 各类典型编号表示法见下表：编 号含 义读 法缩 写Number 8第八号 Number EightNo. 8Line 6第六行Line SixL. 6Page 18第十八页Page TenP. 18Lesson Eight第八课Room (No.) 108108房间Room (number) one O ou eightNo. 8 Wall Street华尔街8号Platform (No.) 6第六站台Bus (No.) 336336路公共汽车Tel. No. 801-8609电话号码801-4609telephone number eight oh one（稍加停顿）four six oh ninePostcode (或zip code) 10081邮政编码 100814.6.2 时间表示法4.6.2.1年的表示法：时间含义读 法19491949年nineteen forty-nine或nineteen hundred and forty-nine18001800年eighteen hundred18081808年eighteen and eight或eighteen hundred and eight1960s（1960s）20世纪60年代nineteen sixties560 B. C.公元前560年five sixty B. C. 或five hundred and sixty B. C.576 A. D.（A. D. 576）公元576年five seventy-six A. D. 或 fivehundred and seventy-six A. D.注意：在年的表示法中，A. D.在不会被误解的情况下常可省略。4.6.2.2月份表示法：月 份缩 写月 份缩 写JanuaryJan.JulyFebruaryFeb.AugustAug.MarchMar.SeptemberSep.AprilApr.OctoberOct.MayNovemberNov.JuneDecemberDec.4.6.2.3 时刻表示法A. 文字表示法：at six oclock在上午六时at six a.m. 在上午六时half past six p.m. 下午六时半(a) quarter past six a.m. 上午六时一刻(a) quarter to eight p.m. 下午八时差一刻five to eight p.m. 下午八时差五分注意：上述的短语中的a.m.都可以写作am, 上述的短语中的p.m.都可以写作pm；美国英语可用after 代替past。B. 阿拉伯数字表示法：6.00（英式）或6:00（美式） 读作six 6.28（英式）或6:28（美式） 读作six twenty-eightC. 以24小时时制的表示法06.00（英式）或06:00（美式） 读作zero six hundred hours21.25（英式）或21:25（美式） 读作twenty-one twenty-five4.7币制表示法4.7.1英国币制表示法1p 1便士 读作one penny或one p6p 6便士 读作six pence或six p 5.86为5英镑86便士，读作five pounds eighty-six pence。 4.7.2美国币制表示法A. 美国常见币制表示法1c. 1美分 读作one cent 或one penny$2.26为2美元26美分，读作two dollars twenty six 或two twenty-six。B. 美国其它币值nickel = five cents dime = ten centsquarter = twenty-five centshalf-dollar = fifty cents第四章练习I. 单项选择题1. September is _ month of the year. A) the ninthB) the nineth C) ninth D) nineth2. The Canadians fought in _ . A) the World War II B) World War II C) World War the II D) Second World War3. This paper-making plant has _ workers. A) two thousands B) thousands of C) two thousands of D) thousands4. Could you tell me when the train arrives and leaves? /tu: tu: tu: tu: tu: tu:/. This answer must be _ . A) 22: 02; 2:02 B) 22: 02; 2:20 C) 1: 58; 2:02 D) 2: 22; 2:025. When were you born? I was born _ . A) on October 12th, 1965 B) in 1965, October 12th C) on 12th October, 1965 D) 12th on October, 19656. When I was _ , I moved to London. A) in her fifties B) in my fifties C) in his fifty D) fifty more7. When is your sisters birthday? Its on Friday, _ . A) eighth June B) the eighth of June C) June eighth D) June of eight8. Thirty-four _ three makes a hundred and two. A) times B) time C) timed by D) minus9. Eleven plus _ fourteen. A) three is B) three are C) third is D) three equal10. The book is _ thicker than that one. A) four times B) four time C) fourth time D) as four times11. The country has _ . A) the population of eight million B) eight million peoples C) a population of eight million D) eight million population12. Jack has _ books. A) two dozens B) dozen of C) dozens of D) dozenII. 把下列英语词组译成汉语13. 8:00 a.m.8:00 p.m. 14. in 1997 in nineteen nineties/in 1990s 15. three forty-two eighteen to four 16. five inches thick a three-meter-high wall 17. one boy in seven seven percent of boysIII. 把下面的数字用英语表达出来18. 28%19. 100%20. 36521. 8,57422. 32,94723. 4,583,67424. 25. 3 26. 0.7427. 4.26IV. 汉译英28. 两个半小时29. 65路公共汽车30. 电话号码：8657259831. 六分之五的空间32. 708号房间33. 二手自行车34. 七月中旬35. 第七任总统36. 头十名顾客37. 第25届奥运会第四章练习答案I. 单项选择 1-6 ABBCAB 7-12 BAAACCII. 把下列英语词组译成汉语13. 上午8:00 下午8:0020:00 14. 在1997年 在20世纪90年代 15. 3:42 3:42 16. 五英寸厚 一堵三米高的墙 17. 七个男孩中有一个 百分之七的男孩III. 把下面的数字用英语表达出来18. twenty-eight percent19. one hundred percent20. three hundred and sixty-five21. eight thousand five hundred and seventy-four22. thirty-two thousand, nine hundred and forty-seven23. four million, five hundred and eighty-three thousand, six hundred and seventy-four24. two-thirds 25. three and five sixths 26. zero point seven four 27. four point two sixIV. 汉译英28. two hours and a half 29. Bus No. 6530. Telephone No. 8657259831. five-sixths of space 32. Room 70833. second-hand bike34. the middle of July/the second ten days of July35. the seventh president 36. the first ten customers37. the 25th Olympic Games第五章 动 词5.1 概述客观事物在不断地运动变化。动词是反映各种运动变化、表示动作或状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气等变化。根据动词的语义和功能，动词可分为实意动词、联系动词、助动词和情态动词。实意动词又可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。根据动词的变化形式，动词可分为规则动词和不规则动词。下面将分类讲述动词的功能和用法。5.2 实意动词实意动词有完全的意义，可在句子中作谓语。例如：The guard presented arms. (The Outstation, W. Somerset Maugham) 士兵亮出了武器。Malcolm craned his neck to see the gate. (The Horse Dealers Daughter, D. H. Lawrence) 尔科姆伸长了脖子望着大门。Auction is a process to raise the value of anything by using a small hammer. 拍卖就是用一把小锤子使任何东西增值的过程。(英汉幽默词典，陈德彰)5.2.1及物动词 及物动词是指带直接宾语后意义才能完整的实意动词。a. 后接一个宾语They called a special meeting of the Board of Aldermen. (A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner) 他们召集了一次市政委员会特别会议。The young doctor looked at her, but did not address her. (The Horse Dealers Daughter, D. H. Lawrence) 这位年轻的医生看了看她，但是没有对她说话。He had slightly emphasised his tone (A Little Cloud, James Joyce) 他稍微加重了语气注意：习惯接一个宾语的及物动词主要包括：accuse, acquaint, acquit, announce, apprise, charge, cheat, convict, convince, cure, demand, deprive, employ, empty, expect, explain, heal, inform, impoverish, inquire, introduce, notify, persuade, purify, recognize, regard, remind, require, relieve, rid等。b. 后接双宾语Can you show me the book you mean？ 把你说的那本书给我看看好吗？ (英汉大词典，陆谷孙)注意：1) 有些动词在接双宾语时，其间接宾语可转换成介词to 引导的短语。这类动词主要包括：accord （给予）, allow, cause, give, leave, lend, loan, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, teach, tell, throw, write 等。2) 有些动词在接双宾语时，其间接宾语可转换成介词for 引导的短语。这类动词主要包括：build, buy, choose, cook, find, make, order, play, pour, save, sing等。5.2.2不及物动词不及物动词从功能意义上是指不可以带宾语，如果要带宾语, 必须通过介词的实意动词。从语义上是指不带宾语意义就完整的实意动词。例如：when the stranger was due to arrive (The Outstation, W. Somerset Maughham) 当这位陌生人要到达的时候 Mists fled before the rising sun. 日出雾散。(英汉大词典，陆谷孙)He flushed with shame. 他因感到羞耻而脸红。(英汉大词典，陆谷孙)注意：有些动词用作及物动词和不及物动词意义不同，现将这类动词归纳如下：例词及物动词意义不及物动词意义account认为解释beat打败跳动blow吹响; 吹奏吹, 刮风call命名, 号召拜访, 访问cheat欺骗, 哄骗欺诈, 作弊draw提取, 引起打成平局escape避开, 免除逃跑, 泄露head带领朝行进manage经营, 管理设法对付mind照顾, 照管 介意, 在乎miss失掉, 惦记未击中move使感动, 提议搬家, 进展point增强 削尖press按, 强迫 紧迫propose建议, 推荐求婚reflect表达, 考虑反射run管理, 经营跑shoot射中, 打猎开枪, 射击touch触犯, 感动接触5.2.3实意动词构成的常用成语及常用短语adapt to使适应于adjust to使适应于be absorbed in 专心于have/gain access to可以获得accommodate sb. with 给某人提供account for 解释，说明take sth. into account 考虑accumulate a fortune积蓄钱财accuse sb. of sth. 指控charge sb. with sth.指控become/be accustomed to 习惯于be acquainted with 认识，碰过面acquaint sb. with 通知，告知，使某人了解act as 充当act on 对起作用be addicted to 沉溺于，醉心于adhere to 坚持；黏附在上，忠于，追随take advantage of 利用, 乘come of age 成年，满法定年龄alienatefrom 与脱离allow for 考虑到draw an analogy between 把作类比appeal sb. to do sth. 呼吁做某事apply to sth. 适用于apply for sth. 申请meet ones approval 使某人满意，得到某人赞同approve of 赞许（批准）某事approximate to 近似; 接近arise from 由引起arrest sb. for sth. 因而逮捕某人guard against arrogance 谨防骄傲自满ascribe sth. to sb./sth. 把某事归于某人（或某事）assert oneself 坚持自己的权力assess . on /upon . 向征收（税款、罚款等）assign sb. to do sth. 委派某人做某事associate . with . 把与联系起来a