英语讲义二.doc

高中英语语法大全第04章 动 词1.按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类: 实义动词 (vt. vi.). 系动词(link-v), 助动词(aux. v.), 情态动词 (mod. v.)2.短语动词 : 动词+介词, 动词+副词, 动词+副词+介词, 动词+名词+介词, Be+形容词+介词, 复杂结构3：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。 1、 谓语动词: 形式意义人称与主语在人称一致数与主语在数上一致时态表示动作发生的时间语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等2、 非谓语动词: 不定式, 动名词, 分词(现在分词, 过去分词)一、 情态动词的特征和形式A.情态动词的各种形式见下表： may might can could must have to ought to will would shall should need dare used to否定式 may not might not cannot can not could not must not do not have to ought not to will not would not shall not should not need not dare not used not to did not use to简略否定式maynt mightnt cant couldnt mustnt dont have to oughtnt to（否定句中to可省略wont wouldnt shant）shouldnt neednt darent usednt to didnt use toB情态动词除ought to, used to等外，后面只接不带to的不定式。 1情态动词+do 2情态动词+be doing 3情态动词+have done 4情态动词+be doneC.情态动词第三人称单数一般现在时没有词形变化。D.情态动词的时态并不是区分时间的主要标志。在一些场合中，情态动词的现在式和过去式都可以表示现在时间、过去时间或将来时间。 E.情态动词是互相排斥的，一般不允许两个意义相近的情态动词连用。二、 情态动词的意义和用法A. may和might 1表示请求、许可，常译为“可以”。 在口语中可用can, could代替may，但在正式场合用may。表示允许时，也可用might代替，might不表示过去时，而是表示口气比较婉转。 2表示推测，可译为“可能，也许”。 3用在目的状语从句中，构成谓语。 4有时可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。B. can和could 1表示能力，可译为“能，会”。 2表示允许、许可，常用在口语中。could比can语气上要客气。 3表示推测，可用于肯定句（can罕见）、否定句和疑问句，但更常见于疑问句或否定句。 4表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。 5Could可以用在虚拟条件句中。 can与be able to的区别 can表示“能力”时，和be able to相当，许多场合都可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊说明，表示你有能力时，只能用be able to。 be able to比can有更多形式。 could经常和动词see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等连用。 在谈论说话时发生的动作，用can，不用be able to。Cmust和have to 1must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务，强调主观看法，可译为“必须，应该”。 2have to表示因客观需要促使主语不得不做某事。 3must与have to的比较。 must与have to在表示“必须”这个意思时意义相近，但在用法上有所区别。 must含有说话者的强烈决意（表示主观的看法），have to则表示外力环境或习惯使然（即表示客观的必要，作“不得不”解）。 must只有一种形式，而have to可有多种时态。 must的否定式和have to的否定式的意思完全不同。 4must用于表示推测，它的肯定程度比may, might, could大得多，一般只用于肯定句。 must do (这里的do通常是状态动词或系动词)，表示对现在状态的推测。 must be doing表示对现在动作或状态的推测。 must have done表示对过去的动作或状态的推测。 5must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事，可译为“必然会，总是会”。 6. must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感情色彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”;mustnt表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。John, look at the time. _ you play the piano at such a late hour? (2005年全国卷)A. Must B. Can C. May D. NeedTom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005年全国卷)A. wouldnt B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not Dwill和would 1.will和would可用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求和建议等。would比will委婉客气。 2will和would可表示意志、愿望和决心，用于各种人称陈述句。 3will和would可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。will表示现在的习惯动作，would表示过去的习惯动作。 4will可表示固执坚持，这时will不可使用ll的简略形式。用于非人称主语时，表示物体的固有性质和倾向。 5will表示将来时间时，不可用于条件状语从句，但will表示意愿或决心时，可用于条件状语从句。 6will和would可表示推论或猜测。 比较： Would you like .表示邀请 Do you like .表示习惯When he was there, he _ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.(1996年上海卷)A. would B. should C. had better D. might Eshall和should 1shall 表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。 表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。“The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides，” declared the judge. (2004年重庆卷)A. may B. should C. must D. shallExcuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. You _ have my computer if you dont take care of it. (2004年湖南卷)A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt The room is so dirty. _ we clean it? Of course. (2003年北京春季卷)A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do 2should 表示义务，意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。 常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。 表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。 表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评（应做的事却没做）。Fought to 1表示义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务而该做），口气比should稍重。 2表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”。 3ought to和should一样，表示对现在或以前应做的事却没做的责怪、批评。 4ought to与should的比较。 ought to和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”，是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。 Gused to 1used to表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况，但现在已不存在。 2would和used to的用法区别。 used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，强调“现已无此习惯了”，而would只表示过去的情况，与现在无关。 used to可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。 used to可泛指过去的习惯动作或状态，而would表示过去的习惯动作时，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。 Hdare dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作行为动词，指勇气和胆量上的可能，可译为“敢”。 1情态动词dare dare作为情态动词时主要用于疑问句和否定句，一般不用于肯定句中。 可以用于表示怀疑的名词性从句中。 可以用于条件状语从句中。 2行为动词dare dare可以作为行为动词，多用于肯定句中，但也可用在疑问句和否定句中 和其他行为动词一样，dare在句子中要随着主语的人称和数发生变化。Ineed 1情态动词need need和dare一样，作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句，一般不用于肯定句中（在肯定句中常被must, have to, ought to, should等情态动词取代）。作为情态动词，它的词形只有need一种形式。2行为动词need need和dare一样，也可以作行为动词，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中。行为动词need有人称和数的变化。三、情态动词+动词完成式_情态动词+have done 表示对过去发生的动作或状态的推测或估计 Amay /might /have done 1表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测，常译为“可能已经”。 2表示“本来应该或可以做但没有做某事”，含有轻微的责备口吻或遗憾。Bcan/could have done 1表示对过去事实的推测，常用于否定句和疑问句。 2could可表示对过去能做而未做的事感到惋惜、遗憾，可译成“本来是可以的”。He paid for a seat, when he _ have entered free. A. could B. would C. must D. needCmust have done 1表示对过去事实有把握的推测，具有较大的可能性。只用于肯定句中，否定句和疑问句用cancould have done。 2用于虚拟语气中时，表示与过去事实相反。Dneednt have done 用于对过去的责备，表示“没有必要做某事，可是做了”。You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. Thanks. You _ it. I could manage it myself. A. neednt do B. neednt have done C. mustnt do D. shouldnt have done Eshould/ought to have done 1表示对过去动作的责备或批评。 2表示期待或推测。should(ought to)+完成式”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. You_ her last week. A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have toldOh, Im not feeling well in the stomach, I _ so much fried chicken just now. A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eaten C. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eatFwould have done 表示与过去事实相反的假设或结果。1. Michael _ be a policeman, for he is much too short.A. neednt B. cant C. should D. may2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her.A. had to write it out n B. must have written it outC. should have written it out D. ought to write it out3. Jack _ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.A. mustnt have arrived B. shouldnt have arrivedC. cant have arrived D. neednt have arrived4. Sir, you _be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.A. mustnt B. cant C. wont D. neednt5. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.A. should B. can C. must D. will6. Is John coming by train? He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D. may7. It has been announced that candidates _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.A. can B. will C. may D. shall8. You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _ be so rude to a lady.A. might B. need C. should D. would9. Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow._.A. I dont B. I wont C. I cant D. I havent10. I didnt see her in the meeting-room this morning. She _ at the meeting.A. mustnt have spoken B. shouldnt have spokenC. neednt have spoken D. couldnt have spoken11. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her.A. had to write it out B. must have written it outC. should have written it out D. ought to write it out12. There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.It _ a comfortable journey.A. cant be B. shouldnt be C. mustnt have been D. couldnt have been13. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack _ be here at any moment.A. must B. need C. should D. can14. Johnny, you _ play with the knife, you _ hurt yourself.A. wont; cant B. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; mustD. cant; shouldnt15. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out.A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to16. When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.They _ be ready by 12:00.A. can B. should C. might D. need17. I stayed at a hotel while in New York.Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stayC. would stay D. must have stayed18. Are you coming to Jeffs party?Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. mus B. would C. should D. might19. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave20. Is John coming by train?He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D. may21. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.A. should B. can C. must D. will22. I wonder how he _ that to the teacher.A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say23. When he was there, he _ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.A. would B. should C. had better D. might24. It has been announced that candidates _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.A. can B. will C. may D. shall25. How _ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only a part of the article?A. can B. must C. need D. may26. I hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coin. _ I have a look?Yes, certainly.A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should27You didnt invite Mary to the ball?_ her, too?AMust I invite BShould I have invitedCMust I have invited DShould I invite28 _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to _ the picnic. A. Would; put forward B. Should; call off C. Will; give upD. Should; put up29I would have helped you, but I _ really occupied the whole weekAwas Bam Chad been Dwere30. “Dear, if you listen to me, you _have some candies as a reward,”the woman told her little son.A. shall B. do C. should D. must31Can I pay the bill by check? Sorry, sirBut it is the management rules of our hotel that payment _be made in cashAneed Bwill Cshall Dcan 32. She looks very happy. I guess so. Its not difficult after all.A. shouldB. couldC. mustD. might 33. Look at the naughty boy! You _ have taught him how to behave himself.A. must B. mayC. can D. should34 But for the storm, we _ a pleasant journey, but had to turn back halfwayAwould have Bwould have hadCwill have Dhad35. Mary failed the driving test againIf she _ harder, she _ the test easilyApracticed; would pass Bhad practiced; would passChad practiced; would have passed Dshould practice; should have passed36. The missing children havent been found yet. Something terrible _ to them.A. may happen B. should have happenedC. must happen D. might have happened37 I _ up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 8 oclock amAneednt have got Bdidnt need to get Cshouldnt have got Dcant have got38 Whats the matter with Peter? He was seen crying when he was coming out of the officeHe _ by the managerAmay be scolded Bshould have been scolded Cmust be scolded Dmust have been scolded39 These achievements_ without the contribution of Qian Xuesen, a key leader of the New Chinas nuclear, missile and so onAwould have been unthinkable Bwould not be unthinkableCwould be unthinkable Dwould not have been unthinkable40. You _have written so long an article.The teacher said 100 words would be enough.A.mustnt B neednt C couldnt D nwouldn”t41. You use your cell phone here in our hospital because of the disturbance to the electronic equipments! Its forbidden.A. shouldnt B. may not C. neednt D. mustnt42. It is dangerous to play with the knife. You _ hurt yourself.A. can B. may C. must D. should43.“Without Chinese toys, kids around the world _ not have so much happiness.” said an European Union official.A. would B. should C. will D. shall44 If you write something and send it immediately by email, which you _later regret, there is no chance for second thoughtsAwould Bshould Chave to Dmight45. The woman boss told the customer that it was none of her business and ordered that he _ away at once.A. went B. go C. goes D. going46. _ you break this $ 100 bill for me? Just a moment. I will see if I _.A. May ; can B. Can ; can C. Will ; will D. Should ; may47 Did you visit Italy this winter holiday? NoWe it，but we spent too much time shopping in France.Acould have visited Bmust have visitedCshall have visited Dneed have visited48. If it were not for the fact that she _ play tennis, I would invite her to join us. A. couldnt B. shouldnt C. might not D. cant23. -Jenny took the 9:10 bus to Hangzhou this morning.-Really? She _ the 9:00 Express. It is much more comfortable and faster to travel by train.A. could have taken B. need have taken C. must have taken D. would have taken49. Even if you are an experienced teacher, you sometimes _ make some mistakes.A. can B. must C. should D. will50 Most hotels in Sanya were full during the Spring Festival, but finallywe- find a room in a small guesthouse near the seaside.A. ought to B.could C.might D.were able to51.How _ I help them to understand when th