讲义四虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观 愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。简单句中的虚拟语气1.情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office？请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。2.表祝愿1)常用“may+动词原形”表示“祝愿，但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）如：May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就！2)用动词原形，如：Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、名词性从句中的虚拟语气1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去时或过去进行时(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be用were，实义动词用过去式。如：I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)I wish I were a bird.但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。如：I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)： 从句动词“would/should/could/might+动词原形”(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。如：I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)I wish you would be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到) 注意： 如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。如果that 从句中用would, 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求。如：I wish you would help me. 我希望你能帮我。2)在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的that从句应用虚拟语气，且均以should+动词原形表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist 如：When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job.”当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English speaking country.我们建议学生应在说英语的国家待上两三年。在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) doI suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 我建议我们下周开个会。注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气。 She insists that she is right. 她坚持说她是对的。She insisted that I should finish the work at once.她一再坚持我应该马上完成这项工作。或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。判断改错: (错)Your pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.(对)Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)I insisted that you (should) be wrong.(对) I insisted that you were wrong. 3)在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。4)would rather，would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 would rather, would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去时表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。 The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。注意：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形I would rather stay at home today.今天我愿待在家里。would rather.than.中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today. 今天我想待在家里而不想外出。5)“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书并留在那，但她说她喜欢留在中国。2.主语从句中的虚拟语气1)“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that.”结构中的虚拟语气在It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that.结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）常用的形容词：natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)，necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)，probable (很可能的), possible (可能的) desirable (极好的)，advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。常用的过去分词(Past Participle): required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求), desired (要求)，suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)，orderd (命令) 如：It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。注意：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。2）在It is 名词that.的主语从句中的虚拟语气在It is 名词that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，motion，order，pity，preference，proposal，recommendation，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。如：It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.我建议派他去国外深造。3.虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有： demand (要求), desire (请求),requirement (要求)，advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)，order (命令)，necessity (必要地), preference (优先)，proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)， recommendation以及resolution等。如：We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。【考点诠释】虚拟语气考点透析 考点一、虚拟语气的基本用法 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，基本结构为：主语+动词的一般过去时（be动词用were）+其他成分+if+should/would/could.+动词原形+其他成分。例如： If it were not for the fact that she _ sing，I would invite her to the party. A.couldnt B.shouldnt C.cant D.might not 解析 句意为：如果不是因为她不会唱歌的事实，我会邀请她来参加那次聚会的。that从句为同位语从句，描述的是事实，用陈述语气。正确答案为C。 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，基本结构为：主语+动词的过去完成时+其他成分+if+should/would/could.+have done+其他成分。例如： If the weather had been better，we could have had a picnic.But it _ all day. A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining 3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，基本结构为：主语+动词的一般过去时/should do/were to do+其他成分+if+should/would/could.+动词原形+其他成分。例如： If I _ plan to do anything I want to，Id like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to 解析 句意为：如果我能够计划做我想做的事情，我想去西藏并且尽可能多玩一些地方。句子描述的是与将来事实相反的事情，所以正确答案为B。 考点二、含蓄虚拟条件句 这样的虚拟句不含有if从句，而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句，主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。例如： Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we _ it without you. A.can manage B.could have managed C.could managed D.can have managed 解析 由语境可知这里要表达的意思是：如果没有你们辛勤的工作，我们不可能处理好这件事。很显然，这是对过去发生的事实的虚拟，所以要用could have done，故应选B。 考点三、主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句 在有些虚拟条件句中，主从句时间不一致，应根据不同情况区别对待。例如： Its hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall 解析 句意为：如果不是我在七岁时爱上家乡的Melinda Cox图书馆的话，很难想象今天的我会是什么样子。主句描述的是与现在事实相反的事情，从句描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为B。 考点四、名词性从句中的虚拟语气 在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句和在it做形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中，宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示“惊奇、惋惜或者理应如此”等含义时，从句中的谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略。例如： Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York？ I agree，but the problem is _ he has refused to. A.will not be sent；that B.not be sent；that C.should not be sent；what D.should not send；what 考点五、wish/if only/would rather从句中的虚拟语气 具体说来其基本结构为：wish/if only/would rather+主语+动词一般过去时（表示与现在事实相反，其中be动词用were）/动词过去完成时（表示与过去事实相反）/would+动词原型（表示与将来事实相反）。例如： Look at the trouble Im in，if only I _ your advice！ A.followed B.would follow C.had followed D.should follow 解析 句意为：看我目前的困境，要是我听你的建议就好了。其描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为C。 典题链接1. She might have been in time for the train, but she _ late.A. startedB. has startedC. was to startD. had started2. I lost your cell phone number, otherwise, I _ you long before.A. had calledB. have calledC. would have calledD. should call3.Its so near! We should have walked there.Yes, a taxi _ necessary at all.A. wasntB. isntC. hadnt beenD. wont be4. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the sports meeting.A. WouldB. ShouldC. MightD. If5._ the traffic jam, we would have arrived earlier.A. In spite ofB. Because ofC. But forD. Due to6. Without your timely help, we _ in big trouble that day.A. had beenB. would beC. would have beenD. were7. Its high time you _ to make the decision yourself.A. shall learnB. learnC. learntD. have learnt8. If you _ me earlier, you _ sorry now.A. had listened to; wouldnt have beenB. were to listen to; shouldnt have beenC. had listened to; wouldnt beD. listened to; wouldnt be9.Im feeling terribly drunk now.Well, Id rather you _ like a fish in the party.A. didnt drinkB. hadnt drunkC. werent drinkingD. not drink10. The man insisted that he_ nothing wrong and _ free.A. did; setB. had done; should be setC. do; be setD. had done; must be set11. If only I _ an umbrella! I was wet through.A. tookB. should takeC. had takenD. take（2010高考英语江苏卷）George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he_ more on its culture.A.focus B.focused C.would focus D.had focused（2010高考英语上海卷）-Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday.-Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline.A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt（2010高考英语浙江卷）Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .Awould have been saved Bhad been saved Cwill be saved Dwas saved（2010高考英语天津卷）John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him.A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told （2010高考英语陕西卷）If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken（2010高考英语湖南卷）If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow（2010高考英语北京卷）-The weather has been very hot and dry.-Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables . A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died2011年高考英语30分钟专题突破（26）：虚拟语气1.He is a very brave man.Yes. I wish I his courage.A.haveB.hadC.will haveD.would have2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it .A.breaksB.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken3. Had you listened to the doctor, you all right now.A.areB.were C.would beD.would have been4. If I _ ten years younger, I _ very happy. A. be were, shall beB. am, shall be C. were, would beD. am, would be5. If I hadnt stood under the tree to catch you when you fell, you _ now. A. couldnt have smiled B. wouldnt be smiling C. cant smile D. wont smile6. I insisted that he _ at once.A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go7. It is suggested that our plan for the project as soon as possible.A. is changed B. be changed C. must be changed D. will be changed8. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he _ to the meeting. A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come9. The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _ right away. A. would be arrested B. must be arrested C. be arrested D. had to be arrested10.Janes uncle insisted _ in this hotel any longer. A. not staying B. not to stay C. that he not stay D. staying not11.Dont touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up, he _ you. A. would come to B. would come at C. would have come toward D. will come to12. Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be13. How I wish I _ to reapair the watch! I only made it worse. A. had tried B. hadnt tried C. have tried D. didnt try14.He demanded that the laboratory report _ immediately after the experiment was done. A. was written B. be written C. must be written D. would be written15.The man insisted that he _ there. A. should send B. would be sent C. sent D. be sent16. But for the party, he _ of hunger 30 years ago. A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die17.If it _ tomorrow, what would we do?A. rains B. were to rain C. would rain D. rain18.It is required that you _ at six. A. will arrive B. arrive C. arrived D. would arrive19.If only I _ how to operate an electronic computer as you do. A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew20.He spoke in a quiet, distinct voice, as though his thought _. A. was far away B. had been far away C. were far away D. went far away. 第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题l.5分，满分30分) 从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 It was a busy morning，about 8:30,when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to thehospital .I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment（约会）at 9:30 The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, _37 him it would be at least 40minutes 38 someone would be able to see him. I saw him 39 his watch and decided，since I was 40 busymy patient didnt 41 at the appointed hour, I would examinehis wound .While taking care of his woundI asked him if he had another doctors appointment The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eatbreakfast with his 43 . He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had aspecial disease. I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. He replied that she 46knew who he was，that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now. I was 48 ,and asked him，“And you 49 go every morning，even though she doesnt know who youare?” He smiled and said“She doesnt know me but I know who she is” I had to hold back 50 as he left. Now I 51 that in marriages，true love is 52 of all that is. The happiest peopledont 53 have the best of everything；they just 54 the best of everything they have. 55 isnt about how to live through the storm，but how to dance in the rain.36. A. breath B.test C.seat D. break37. A. persuading B.promising C.understanding D. telling38. A. if B.before C.since D. after39. A. taking off B.fixing C.looking at D. winding40. A. very B.also C.seldom D. not41. A. turn up B.show off C.come on D. go away42. A. needed B.forgot C.agreed D. happened43. A. daughter B.wife C.mother D. sister44. A. late B.well C.around D. there45. A. lonely B.worried C.doubtful D. hungry46. A. so far B.neither C.no longer D. already47. A. recognize B.answer C.believe D. expect48. A. moved B.disappointed C.surprised D. satisfied49. A. only B.then C.thus D. still50. A. curiosity B.tears C.words D. judgment51. A. realize B.suggest C.hope D. prove52. A. agreement B.expression_r C.acceptance D. exhibition53. A. necessarily B.completely C.naturally D. frequently54. A. learn B.make C.favor D. try55. A .Adventure B.Beauty C.Trust D. LifeEDGEWOOD - Every morning at Dixie Heights High School, customers pour into a special experiment: the districts first coffee shop run mostly by students with special learning needs. Well before classes start, students and teachers order Lattes, Cappuccinos and Hot Chocolates. Then, during the first period, teachers call in orders on their room phones, and students make deliveries. By closing time at 9.20 a.m., the shop usually sells 90 drinks. Whoever made the chi tea, Ms. Schatzman says it was good, Christy McKinley, a second year student, announced recently, after hanging up with the teacher. The shop is called the Dixie PIT, which stands for Power in Transition. Although some of the students are not disabled, many are, and the PIT helps them prepare for life after high school. They learn not only how to run a coffee shop but also how to deal with their affairs. They keep a timecard and receive paychecks, which they keep in check registers. Special-education teachers Kim Chevalier and Sue Casey introduced the Dixie PIT from a similar program at Kennesaw Mou