2015年河南专升本英语讲义-完形填空.docx

2015年专升本英语讲义-完形填空完形填空部分解析2一、完形填空试题介绍2二、完形填空试题特点21.测试篇章的理解能力22.测试词汇和语法结构的能力23.考查写作知识3三、完形填空答题步骤3第一步：“总”以略读方式快速浏览全文3第二步：“分” 建议用三遍解题法3第三步：“总”检查核实，通读选定答案后的全文4完形填空专项练习题4完形填空练习题参考答案：9完形填空部分解析一、完形填空试题介绍完形填空试题不仅需要熟练地掌握基本词汇、相应的常用词组以及语法和习惯用法等，而且要求考生具备较强的阅读能力，依据上下文的语境找出正确答案。不是孤立地测试某一语言点，而是测试这个语言点在实际上下文中的应用。完形填空测试考生对所学词汇、语法、技能及背景知识的综合运用能力，同时还考查考生的阅读理解能力。这是对考生英语水平进行全面综合测试的一种有效题型。它要求考生知识面广、词汇量大、具有较强的驾驭语言和灵活运用语言知识的能力，因此，难度较大，是考生失分较多的项目。考生完成这部分试题，应使复原后的短文不仅在句子结构和意思表达上正确和恰当，而且在语义上要完整和得体。应注意绝对避免在考试时“拿过来就做”。答题之前一定要快速通读整篇文章，对其内容一定要贯通了解，在对原文大致理解的前提下进行填写。应充分调动所掌握的语法和词汇两方面的知识，运用逻辑推理和判断猜想能力等。二、完形填空试题特点1.测试篇章的理解能力虽然文章抽去了20个词, 但是整篇文章的内容仍然是可以理解的。这是完形填空题与以单句形式考核词汇和语法的试题的根本区别。完形填空要求能把握文章的主题，同时必须理解文章的细节，进行必要的推理、判断。只有在正确理解文章的基础上，才能根据意思的需要，补足缺少的部分。2.测试词汇和语法结构的能力填空的词项包括结构词和实义词。 结构词也称虚词，有代词、冠词、介词、连词、关系词等；主要是表示语法结构关系的, 在选用结构词时考虑在语法上是否恰当。实义词包括名词、形容词、数词、动词和副词；对实义词的选择既要看其意思用在句中是否恰当, 也要看它与其他词的搭配关系是否合适。3.考查写作知识完形填空利用语言、语篇等方面的知识使短文的结构和意思恢复完整。通过阅读获取对短文信息的了解，然后帮助恢复短文结构和意思的完整性。不同的体裁，不同的主题，其语段写作模式不同，有举例、有列举、有比较对照、有因果分析。根据语段的结构模式把握短文写作的思路，预测文章的发展，从而为解题找出依据。写作的基本原则是：文章结构完整、内容统一、语意连贯、语言简洁，其中词语的同现、复现手段以及衔接语的使用，是文章结构得以完整、语意得以连贯、逻辑得以明了的主要手段，而完形填空中对此也有相当部分的考查。三、完形填空答题步骤完形填空的解题过程可以概括为“总、分、总”三个步骤。 第一步：“总”以略读方式快速浏览全文主要目的是要了解文章的体裁和题材，从整体上把握全文内容和结构框架，找出文章的主题大意，作者的观点、态度、思路，文章展开的线索，句与句以及段与段之间的逻辑关系及文章的语言风格或特点。应当格外注意段首句和段尾句，因为文章第一句话旨在让读者对全文有一个大致的了解，而且段首句往往就是主题句；而段尾句往往是结论句,同样为主题服务。 要注意重复出现的词语。第二步：“分” 建议用三遍解题法第一遍，通读做题法，解答较为容易的试题。对含义明显的词汇、固定搭配或习惯用法、常用句式等纯语言知识问题，可以边读边随时猜测出答案，包括介词的用法、倒装句、虚拟语气等固定的句型或语法。 第二遍，解答通读过程中未能轻易猜测出答案的题目。这类题目的答案，取决于对语篇的理解。利用上下文中、字里行间的线索才能猜测出答案。首先看清题目的句法关系，辨别句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句，并根据语法判断词性，然后根据自己的生活常识、背景知识与文章主题猜测该词或短语的语义范围。 第三遍，集中突破前两轮未能解出的题目（解答难题）。在前两轮的基础上，针对最后难关，直接对照选择项，利用前两轮已填入的选项缩小填空范围，采用排除法，排除不恰当的选项，最后敲定答案。 第三步：“总”检查核实，通读选定答案后的全文此时的文章应当是一个语法结构正确，用词语义准确，上下文逻辑关系严密，主题突出，内容充实，意思连贯，层次清晰的整体。 首先，要着眼大局，从语篇整体上，看答案是否符合文章主题，作者态度、意图及文体特征，结合段首句、段尾句和含有连贯意义的词语，把文章看作一篇范文，从写作角度，审视文章的谋篇布局“启、承、转、合”。 其次，从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查： 1) 所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调； 2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配；3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的谓语动词用原形(过去式、过去完成式)； 4)所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，仍应相信第一印象。完形填空专项练习题Passage 1The American definition of success is largely one of acquiring wealth and a high material standard of living. It is not surprising, 1, that Americans have valued education for its monetary value. The belief is widespread in the United States2the more schooling people have, the more money they will3when they leave school. The belief is strongest4the desirability of an undergraduate university degree, or a5degree such as medicine or law6the undergraduate degree. The money value of graduate degrees in7such as art, history, or philosophy is not 8 great.This belief in the monetary value of education is 9 by research outcomes on income. Ben Wattenberg, a social scientist, estimates that in the10of a lifetime a man11a college school diploma in 1972 could earn about 380,000 more than a man who12had a high school diploma. Perhaps this helps to explain survey13which showed that Americans who14they had lived their lives differently in some way regretted15of all that they did not get more education. The regret is 16 by those who have made 17 to the top and by those who have not. 18 a man like Douglas Fraser, the president of the United Auto Workers Union, a nationally known and successful leader, was 19by regrets that he did not climb higher on the20ladder. 1. A. However B. therefore C. moreover D. though2. A. Which B. Where C. That D. when3. A. make B. save C. invest D. raise4. A. Taking B. Reflecting C. revealing D. representing5. A. technical B. Vocational C. Honorable D. professional6. A. concerning B. following C. Finalizing D. ensuring7. A. branches B. occupations C. fields D. classes8. A. thus B. much C. as D. yet9. A. supported B. provided C. covered D. obtained10. A. Period B. duration C. Course D. length11. A. Of B. With C. upon D. for12. A. Hardly B. only C. Really D. readily13. A. Efforts B. observations C. Consequences D. findings14. A. realized B. found C. Discovered D. wished15. A. least B. Best C. most D. last16. A. Shared B. Shown C. concerned D. suffered17. A. them B. it C. Themselves D. itself18. A. As B. For C. Such D. Even19. A. Threatened B. rejected C. restricted D. troubled20. A. educational B. political C. commercial D. socialPassage 2A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supplyall these were important 1in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. 2 they were not enough. Something 3 was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men 4 individuals who could invent machines, find new 5 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who 6the machines of the Industrial Revolution 7 from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were8inventors than scientists. A man who is a 9 scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 10 . He is not necessarily working 11 that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is 12 trying to make something that had a concrete 13 . He may try to solve a problem by using the theories 14 science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a 15 result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of 16 other objectives. Most of the people who 17 the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors nor trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had 18 or no training in science might not have made their inventions 19 a ground work had not been laid by scientists years20. 1. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations2. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even3. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar4. A. Generating B. effective C. motivating D. creative5. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries6. A. Employed B. created C. operated D. controlled7. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared8. A. less B. better C. more D. worse9. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever10. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately11. A. now B. and C. all D. so12. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never13. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means14. A. of B. with C. to D. as15. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific16. A. few B. those C. many D. all17. A. Proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered18. A. little B. much C. some D. any19. A. as B. if C. because D. while20. A. ago B. past C. ahead D. before Passage 3Perhaps more than anything else，scientists are eager to find out if Martian life existed in the pastor still exists. 1 telescopes first zoomed in 2 Mars in the 17th century, people have conjured up a wild 3 of images or what Martians might look like. But space probes like the 1997 Sojourner land rover have yielded no evidence of such alien beings.Most experts agree that if life did at one time evolve on Mars, finding evidence of that lifewhich would likely take the form of tiny organisms wont be easy. 4 many scientists are optimistic. “Weve got organisms on Earth that adapted to life deep 5 the surface in underground water wells，”says Stephen Clifford. 6 life like that evolved on Mars four billion years ago, theres no reason why it 7 today. 8 last years disappointing losses，the future of Martian exploration looks 9. This year, two major films about fictitious Mars missionsRed Planet and Missions to Marsare certain to heighten interest in our planetary neighbor. More important, plans for new sets of NASA orbiters and landersone to launch in 2001, the other in 2003are already in the works.Without a doubt，each new mission will inch scientists closer to 10 the mysteries of planet Mars.1. A. When B. Before C. Ever since D. Ever 2. A. in B. on C. in the D. on the3. A. varying B. various C. Plenty D. variety4. A. Still B. Even if C. Though D. Although 5. A. up B. Under C. Below D. above6. A. When B. What C. That D. If 7. A. wouldnt exist B. wouldnt have existedC. doesnt exist D. has existed8. A. Even if B. Despite C. Although D. However9. A. promised B. being promisedC. promising D. to be promised10. A. understand B. understandingC. be understood D. the understandingPassage 4Britain was a wealthy country a hundred and fifty years 1. There were a 2 very rich people 3 received money from land or investment, and did not need to work. They used to have large 4 of servants to look 5 them. There were also many middle class people, who worked as businessmen or as doctors or lawyers. They usually had several servants to 6 their houses and cook their meals. But there were also many poor people, and there was a big 7 between the rich and the poor.The poor had very difficult lives. Many worked as servants. They used to be 8 little, and they had to work long hours. But at least they lived in warm house and were well 9 . 10 who worked in factories were often less 11. They used to work many hours a day, in dangerous and unhealthy conditions. But, even so, they did not use to 12 enough to feed their families. They often lived in slums which were built cheaply by the factory owners.The 13 paid people were those who worked 14 the farms. At certain times of the year, they did not use to earn 15 because there was no work 16 them to do.Life for the poor was not always bad. There were kind farmers and factory owners who helped their workers. And many people were 17 about the poor. One of them was Charles Dickens, the famous British writer. When he was young, his family was always short 18 money. His father was a clerk, who used to 19 more than he earned. When Dickens was eleven, his father was 20 to prison, and Dickens had to work in a factory. At this time, very young children used to work in factories and mines, and clean chimneys.1. A. ago B. earlyC. beforeD. soon2. A. little B. muchC. few D. many3. A. which B. whatC. who D. whose4. A. amounts B. numbersC. deals D. plenties5. A. after B. forC. at D. like6. A. clear B. cleanC. sweetenD. declare7. A. space B. roomC. gap D. distance8. A. got B. receivedC. accepted D. paid9. A. kept B. fedC. felt D. lived10. A. These B. ThoseC. This D. That11. A. Fortunate B. Favorable C. favoriteD. financial12. A. engage B. Eliminate C. earnD. learn13. A. bad B. worst C. good D. fewest14. A. in B. onC. at D. above15. A. Something B. everything C. nothing D. anything16. A. for B. ofC. as D. to17. A. Considered B. concerned C. convinced D. contributed18. A. of B. toC. in D. at19. A. cost B. spendC. waste D. lend20. A. sentB. broughtC. pulledD. Entered完形填空练习题参考答案：Passage 11. B。词义辨析题。however：然而，无论如何；therefore：因此，所以；moreover：而且，再者；though：尽管，然而。2. C。语法结构题。本题的题干大意是：在美国这一信念是普遍的：人们接受的教育越多，当他们离开学校时，将会挣钱越多。that 引导的同位语从句修饰本句的主语the belief。3. A。词语搭配题。固定搭配make money表示：挣钱，赚钱。4. B。词义辨析题。本题的题干大意是：该观点强有力地反映了。taking：带走；拿走；reflecting：反映，显示； revealing：暴露，揭露。 representing：代表，表示。5. D。词义辨析题。 technical：技术的，工艺的；vocational：职业的，业务的； honorable：光荣的，高尚的；professional：专业的，专门的。此处指诸如医学或法律之类的专业,故选D。6. B。词义辨析题。concerning：涉及的，关心的；following：接着的，跟随的；finalizing：完成的，结束的；ensuring：保证的，担保的。根据句意:人们坚信,获得大学学位或获得医学和法学这类专业的硕士学位(继获得大学学位之后),故选following, 意为“继之后”。7. C。词语搭配题。本题的题干大意是：像艺术、历史、哲学专业的研究生学位。短语in fields 表示：在（研究、活动的）专业或领域。 8. C。语法结构题。副词yet常用于否定句和疑问句中，表示：还，尚，仍然。此处as表示比较，这里指艺术、历史、哲学等专业的研究生学位的价值没有前面提到的诸如医学和法律专业的学位价值大。9. A。词义辨析题。supported：支撑，支持； provided：提供，供给；covered：掩盖，覆盖；obtained：得到，获得。根据句意：教育金钱价值的观念被收入的研究结果所证实。故选supported。10. C。词语搭配题。词组 in the course of a lifetime 表示：在人的一生中。11. B。词语搭配题。 词组a man with a college school diploma 表示：一位拥有大学毕业文凭的人。12. B。词义辨析题。hardly：几乎不，简直不；only：仅仅，只； really：真正地，十分；readily：乐意地，容易地。此处指“仅仅拥有高中文凭的人”，故选only。13. D。词语搭配题。词组survey findings表示：调查（或研究）的结果。finding 常用复数形式。14. D。理解推断题。本题的题干大意是：一些希望他们过去在某方面生活不同的美国人。根据句意可排除realized：实现；found：发现；discovered：找到。15. C。词语搭配题。 短语most of all：尤其是，最为，此处指“最为后悔”。16. A。词语搭配题。本题的题干大意是：这一遗憾是由那些成功人士和非成功人士共同分担的。人们的遗憾（regret）只能分担（ be shared ）。 17. B。 词语搭配题。make it to the top为固定搭配用法，意为“爬到顶端，达到顶级水平”。常指处于行业顶端，即成功人士。18. D。理解推断题。本题的题干大意是：即使像美国汽车工人工会主席、全美著名的成功领导人道格拉斯弗雷泽。副词even表示：甚至，用以说明某事令人惊讶或不寻常（像弗雷泽这样的成功人士也会有遗憾）。 19. D。词义辨析题。threaten：威胁； reject：拒绝；restrict：限制；trouble：使烦恼，使苦恼。 20. A。理解推断题。本题的题干大意是：他没有在教育的阶梯攀登上更高的位置。通篇讲的就是教育（education）问题，本句是说即使是成功人士，也会为没有在教育的（educational）阶梯攀登更高的位置的遗憾而烦恼。Passage 21. C。土地没有被破坏，再加上财富、自然资源和劳力资源，这些都是有利的“因素”(factor)，而不能说是“理由”（reason）。答案是C. factors。2. A。从文章的叙述逻辑来看，文章开端说明财富、自然资源、充足的劳动力等在促使英国成为工业革命中心的重要性，而接着介绍“人”的因素，并且文章的主要篇幅都是介绍“人”的因素，说明这里应是“转折词”but，由but引出文章的主题。该题话锋一转，指出仅有那些“因素”是不够的，所以答案是A. But。3. A。本题测试根据上下文选择后置定语的能力，前一题话锋已转，指出仅有那些“因素”是不够的，那就还需要一些别的东西（something else）。所以答案是A。4. D。本题测试的是根据上下文选择词义的能力。creative“有创造性的”；effective“有效的”； motivating“使产生动力的”；generating“使产生”。能发明机器自然是“creative”, 所以答案是D。5. B。本题测试根据上下文选择词义的能力。source意为“来源”，指某事物的最初来源或出处。origin意为“起源、发源、起因”，常指某种历史文化现象、风俗习惯的起源。答案是B.sources。6. B。本题测试根据上下文选择词义的能力。该句说的是“发明机器”的人（created machine），而并非“操作机器”的人（operated machine）。所以答案是B.create。7. A。come from “来自”；stem from “源于”。所以答案是A. came。8. C。本题测试对more A than B 这一固定结构的理解和运用。more A than B意思是“是A而不是B”、“与其说是B，不如说是A”。答案是C. more。9. C。本题测试根据上下文选择词义的能力。pure scientist指从事纯理论研究的科学家，因为只有他们才对精确地进行研究感兴趣，也才不一定致力于应用自己的发现。所以答案是C. pure。10. D。本题测试根据上下文选择词义的能力。一个“纯”科学家会对精确地 (accurately)进行研究感兴趣。所以答案是D.accurately。11. D。本题测试正确使用连接词的能力。so that 是用来引出目的状语从句的连接词。答案是D.so。12. C。本题的四个选项都是表示频率的副词，本句像上段一样，讲的是发明家工作的特点，即通常试图创造有实用价值的东西，故只有选usually才合题意。所以答案是C。13. B。a concrete use意为“具体用途”。所以答案是B.use。14. A。本题测试正确使用介词的能力。the theory of science意为“科学的理论”。所以答案是A. of。15. D。本题测试根据上下文选择词义的能力。前面说到“发明家希望利用科学理论或通过反复试验解决某个问题”，本句则说“他不管采用哪种方法，都是为了得到某种结果，例如制造一台收割机”，这里需填入表示“特定的”、“具体的”形容词，所以答案是D.specific。16. C。这里要一个表示数量的、泛指的形容词，所以答案是C. many。17. B。从上下文来看，本题中需要填入的是一个与发明家和机器有关的动词。develop有“研制”、“开发”之意。所以答案是B。18. A。本题要求填入一个与no意义相近的不定代词，在四个选项中，只有A. little表示否定意义，符合题目意思，所以是答案。19. B。本题要求填入一个连接词，用来连接一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。本句的意思是：如果没有科学家早年打下的基础，那些在科学上接受过很少或没有接受过训练的人就不可能有所发明创造。If通常用来引出条件句。所以答案是B.if。20. D。本题的四个选项都是可以用作时间状语的副词，但由于要求填入的副词是用来修饰一个过去完成时的谓语动词，即表示过去某个时间以前发生的动作，所以答案是D.before。Passage 31. C。语法结构题。本题考查连词的应用。本文第一句点明了中心思想：科学家们正渴望发现火星人的生活过去是否存在过或者现在仍然存在。第二句为主从复合句，主句的时态为现在完成时，那么引导时间状语从句的连词必然是since，为加强语气可用选项C中的Ever since。2. B。词语搭配题。本题的难点在于辨别出短语动词zoom in的意思是“（镜头）拉近，推近”，如：The TV camera zoomed in on the childs face.电视摄像机向孩子的脸部推近。on Mars是固定搭配，Mars前面不加the。3. D。词语搭配题。本句的大意是：人们想象出火星诸多各种各样的形象a variety of是一固定搭配，plenty of也含有“许多”的意思，但前面没有不定冠词a。4. A。逻辑推理题。前句谈到了大部分专家认为火星上曾经有生命，但找到有生命的证据不是容易的。本句接着讲许多科学家仍很乐观，可以从句意和语法两方面推理，副词still为正确答案。5. C。逻辑推理（含词义辨析）题。本句的大意是：我们在很深的地表下面的地下水井中找到适合生命的微生物。按逻辑推理可选择under或below，但under指在某物的正下方，含垂直在下的意思，而below指在某物下面，但不一定在正下方，范围较宽，所以选项C为正确答案。6. D。语法结构题。本句的大意是：如果在40亿年前火星上存在有这样的生命，就没有理由说今天不会存在这样的生命。从意义和句法结构来判断，选项D的if为正确答案。7. A。语法结构题。通过上题可知道本句是表示与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，主句的谓语动词形式为：would+动词原形，因此选项A为正确答案。8. B。逻辑推理题。本句的大意是：尽管去年的损失令人失望，但火星探测的前景看来是有