刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记.doc

英国文学简史完全笔记Part one： early and medieval english literatureChapter 1: the making of england1 the Briton2 the Roman Consequent3 the English Consequent4 the social condition of the Anglo-SaxonsChapter 2:Beowulf贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homers Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1 Using alliteration2 Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasChapter 3 : Feudal England1 the Norman Conquest:the Danish invasionKing Alfred: the Anglo-Saxon Chroniclethe Norman Conquest:Marks the establishment of feudalism in England2 Feuda EnglandSocial features of the Feuda England：Two classes（landlord and peasant）The miseries of the peasant：Black DeathThe raising of 13813 the Romance: knightFamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfChapter 4 William LanglandPiers The Plowman耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal Englandthe exposure of the ruling classesthe story of the Cat and Ratsthe marriage of lady Meedthe condition of the peasantsthe search for trutha representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantryArtistic features:It is written in the form of a dream visionUsing symbolismChapter 5 the English Bllads民谣Oral literatureBallad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The Robin Hood BalladChapter 6 Geoffery Chaucer英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”The father of English poetry.writing style:wisdom, humor, humanity. 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle English特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 声誉之宫Part Two ：The English RenaissanceA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Chapter 1 Old England in transition1 the new monarchy2 the reformation3the English Bible：Jhon Wycliffe, translated the first complete English BileAuthorized Version: also called King James Bible4 the enclosure movement5 the commercial exoansion6 the war between Spain：it ended with the route of the Spanish fleetArmada7 the Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism: reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, which saw the world openning before it.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam Shakespeare8 William Caxton: the first English printerChapter2 Thomas MoreOne of the greatest English humanistsUtopia乌托邦: an ideal communist societyThomas: 1 no revolutionary in the sense of wishing to arouse the people or to start any movement2 still retains the features of class exploitation3 he could never find at that time the means by which socialism could be realized.Chapter 3 the flowering of English literature1 the flourishing of literature2 Sir Philip SidneyA poet and critic poetryAstrophel and Stella , Apology for poetryWalter Raleigh:Discovery of Guiana3 Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)It is written in a special verse form that consists of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a 9 line of 6 iambic feet(an alexandrine ), with the rhyme schemeababbcbbcThe theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithful loves”.Artistic features:Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.爱情小唱n4 John Lylygentle readerEuphues5 Francis Bacon弗兰西斯培根15611626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）The founder of English materialistThe founder of modern science in EnglishPhilosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.学术的推进随笔(famous quotas: )The theme of OfStudies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.Chapter 4 DramaThe highest glory of the English Renaissance was unquestionably its drama1 the miracle play2 the morality play3 the interlude4 the classical drama5 the London theatreChapter 5 Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛15641595“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）帖木耳大帝马耳他的犹太人Significance of his plays:1 the heroes of his plays are generally distinguished by a resolute character, a scorn of orthodox creeds, and an overpowering paasion.2 The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human effortd in conquering the universe.3 the heros individualistic ambition often brings ruins to the ruin to the world and sometomes to themselves.His literary achievement:1 the greatest of the pioneers of English drama2 reformed the language and verse of dramatic works3 first made blank verse. His blank verse has been called as titanic4 famous for his mighty line. It is mighty and plastic5 pave the way for the ShakespearelChapter 6 William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚1564161637playsHistorical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies: 皆大欢喜; 第十二夜; 仲夏夜之梦; 威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白poems:1 venus and adonis2Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to adefinition rhyme scheme.3 the rape of lucreceFeatures of Shakespeares drama:1 one of the founder of realism in world literature2 often used the method of adoptation3 his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acuired make him a master hand for playwriting.4 skilled in many poetic forms: song, sonnet, couplet, dramatic blank verse5 a great master of the English languageChapter 7 Ben Jonson狐狸Every Man in His Humoura prolific dramatistPart threethe period of the English bourgeois revolutionChaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise2 the clashes between the king and parliament3 the outburst of the English revolution:4 the split with the revolution camp5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:Also called the puritan revolution.Puritanism is the religious doctrine7 literature of the revolution periodChapter 2 John Milton约翰弥尔顿16081674（诗人、政论家;失明后写 失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。）Epics:失乐园: written in blank verseIn the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Miltons belife in the powers of man.The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.复乐园Dramatic poem:力士参孙:A poetical drama.论出版自由: as a declaration of peoples freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical ofItalian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.Milton:1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17thcentury2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.4 he is a great stylist, grand style.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)ReligionaryAllegory:天路历程nChapter 4 metaphysical poets and Cavalier poetsBesides Milton and Bunyan, other poets and writers whose works express quite different ideas and sentiments. They are called metapysicals by Samuel Johnson1 John Donnethe Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1.conceits or imagery奇思妙喻2.syllogism三段论Meditations沉思录The Flea虱子Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction:2 George HerbertThe saint of the metaphysical schoolSing the glory of GodAltar3 Andrew MarvellA puritanTo his coy mistress4 Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw:Two religios poetsCapter 5 some prose-writersRobert Burton:Masterpiece:the Anatomy of MelancholyThomas Browme:Religio MediciJeremy Taylor:Holy LivingHoly DyingIzaak Walton:The Compleat AngkerChapter 6 Restoration literature1 restoration comedy:The restoration comedy is notorious for its licentiousness, being full of love intrigue, and seduction and promiscurityJhon DrydenAll For LoveAbsalom and AchitophelEnglish literature of the Restoration period was modelled on the literature of France where classicism was then prevailing. According to classicism, drama and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules.Part 4the 18thcenturyA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason:the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15thand 16thcentries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18thcentury)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Chapter 1 the enlightenment and classicism in English literature1 the enlightenment and 18thcentury EnglandGlorious RevolutionIndustrial Revolutionthe enlightenment in Europe: an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalismthe English Enlighteners2 classicism:The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and try to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. The English classicists followed these standards in their writings.But the basic difference between Dryden and the 18thcentury enlighteners lies in the fact that the former wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the Restoration period while latter wrote for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.Chapter 2Addison and Steele1 Steele andThe TatlerRichard Steele:The Christian Hero（a pamphlet）The Tatler(a paper)The pectator(in conjunction with Addison)Theatre2Joseph AddisonThe Campaign(a poem)Cato(tragedy)Sum up Addisons and Steeles contribution to the English literature:their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeosiethey give a true picture of the social life of Engish in 18thcenturyin the hands of them, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel. Pope亚历山大蒲柏16881744lChapter 2 Alexander（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.批评论na diactic poemArtistic features:1.Using “heroic couplets”卷发遇劫记道德论人论n愚人记poemPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18thcentury. Frequently writing in the form of heroic coupletsChapter 4 Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国Flying Island飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛一个小小的建议n书战木桶的故事n一个麻布商的书信His language is simple and clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist, and his irony id deadly.Chapter 5 Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731l（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie.He was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.Chapter 6 Samuel RichrardsonPamelaClarissaChapter 7Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.novels:弃婴汤姆琼斯约瑟夫安德鲁大诗人江奈生威尔德爱米利亚nplays:一七三六年历史记事堂吉柯德在英国nHe was a novelist, dramatist, essayist, political pamphleteer.He develope his narrative in the fullest,freest, clearest and most straightforard manner, and also affords him opportunities of giving, at suitable places, personal explanations.Satire abounds eberywhere in his works. Humorous satire and a kind of grim satireHe believed in the educational function of the novel.He is a master of style. His style id easy, unlaboured and familiar,but extremely vivid and vigorous.Sympathy for the working people, contempt for the parasites, the exploiters and the oppressorsChapter 8 Smollett and SterneTobias Smollett：Roderick Random(a picaresque novel)Pererine PickleHunphry ClinkerLaurence SterneTristram ShandyA Sentimental JourneyChapter 918thcentury drama and SheridanThe english drama of the 18thdoesnt reach the same high level as its novel. One reason: the Licensing Act of 1737Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施莱登17511816情敌n造谣学校Chapter 9 Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊17091784lSamuelLexicographer, critic and poetDictionary =英语大词典nJames Boswell:Life of london(a classic of English biography)Chapter 11Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯17301774 poems:旅游人荒村Both written in heroic couplet,consisting of two iambic pentameter lines linked by rhyme. novel:威克菲尔德牧师传comdies:The Good Natured ManShe stoops to Conqueressay:The Citizen of the WorldChapter 12Edward GibbonEssay on the Study of literatureThe Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireChapter 13sentimentalism and pre-romanticism in poetry1 sentimentalism in English poetryThe representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed at the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development.The appearance and development of