pronunciation.doc

Pronunciation Training Course. Warming-upA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. Baby steps: Can you read the following sounds?a. Vowels and vowel combinationsSoundsLettersExamplesNotesi:e, eeeaie, eibe, eve, see, meet, sleep,meal, read, leave, sea, team,field, believe, receivebeen i;bread, deaf e;great, break ei;friend eiiyit, kiss, tip, pick, dinner,system, busy, pity, sunnymachine, ski,liter, pizza i:eeealet, tell, press, send, end,bread, dead, weather, leathermeter i:sea, mean i:eiaai, ayei, eyealate, make, race, able, stable,aim, wait, play, say, day,eight, weight, they, hey,break, great, steaksaid, says e;height, eye aiacat, apple, land, travel, mad;AmE: last, class, dance, castle, halfa:araarmy, car, party, garden, park,father, calm, palm, drama;BrE: last, class, dance, castle, halfwar, warm o:aii, iey, uyice, find, smile, tie, lie, die,my, style, apply, buy, guyauouowout, about, house, mouse,now, brown, cow, owl, powdergroup, soup u:know, own ouoonot, rock, model, bottle, copyo:oroaw, auoughtal, wa-more, order, cord, port,long, gone, cost, coffee,law, saw, pause, because,bought, thought, caught,hall, always, water, war, wantwork, word roioi, oyoil, voice, noise, boy, toyouooa, owgo, note, open, old, most,road, boat, low, own, bowldo, move u:how, owl auyu:ueweuue, uiuse, duty, music, cute, huge, tune,few, dew, mew, new,euphemism, feud, neutral,hue, cue, due, sue, suitu:uo, ooewue, uiourude, Lucy, June,do, move, room, tool,crew, chew, flew, jewel,blue, true, fruit, juice,group, through, route;AmE: duty, new, sue, studentguide, quite ai;build iuoououlook, book, foot, good,put, push, pull, full, sugar,would, could, shouldneutral sound / u, ooua, eo, igun, cut, son, money, love,tough, enough, rough,about, brutal, taken, violent,memory, reason, familyrer, ur, iror, arearserve, herb, burn, hurt, girl, sir,work, word, doctor, dollar,heard, earn, earnest, earthheart, hearth a:b. Consonant SoundsLettersSoundsExamples bbbaby, best, buy, bring, blind, absent, about, number, labor, robber, tubcskcenter, cellar, cigarette, cinema, agency, notice;cake, come, cucumber, clean, cry, scratch, act, panicddday, dear, die, door, duty, admire, hidden, lady, kind, ride, endedfffast, female, five, forest, fund, fry, flight, often, deaf, cuffggjgame, get, go, gun, great, global, giggle, ago, begin, dog, egg;general, gin, giant, agent, suggest, Egypt, energy, huge, managehh-hair, help, history, home, hotel, hunt, behind, inherit;hour, honor, honest, heir, vehicle, Sarahjjjam, Jane, jet, jelly, Jim, jingle, joke, John, June, justkkKate, kind, kill, kilogram, sky, blanket, break, take, looklllate, let, live, alone, close, slim, please, old, nicely, table, file, allmmmake, men, mind, mother, must, my, common, summer, name, form, teamnnnapkin, never, night, no, nuclear, funny, student, kindness, ton, sunpppaper, person, pick, pour, public, repair, apple, keep, top, crispq (qu)kwkquality, question, quite, quote, equal, require;unique, technique, antique, grotesquerrrain, red, rise, brief, grow, scream, truck, arrive, hurry, turn, more, carsszsend, simple, song, system, street, lost, kiss, release;cause, present, reason, realism, advise, always, is, wastt task, tell, time, tone, tune, hotel, attentive, student, boat, restvvvast, vein, vivid, voice, even, review, invest, give, move, activewwwall, war, way, west, wind, word, would, swear, swim, twenty, twistxksgzzexercise, exchange, expect, ex-wife, axis, fix, relax;exam, exact, executive, exert, exist, exit, exult;Xenon, Xerox, xenophobia, xylophonezztszero, zoo, horizon, puzzle, crazy, organize, quiz, jazz;pizza, Mozart, Nazi, waltzThe -s/es ending of nouns and verbsvoiceless consonant + svoiced consonant/ vowel + zs, z, x, ch, tch, ge, dge, sh +iztapes teips, streets stri:ts, parks pa:rks, chiefs chi:fs, myths mithsribs ribz, kids kidz, legs legz, leaves li:vz, clothes klouthz, girls, games, cars, boys, pies paiz, cows kauz, cities sitizpieces pi:siz, roses rouziz, prizes praiziz, boxes boksiz, coaches kouchiz, bridges brijiz, dishes dishiz(he) grips grips, writes raits, takes teiks, sniffs snifs(he) robs robz, reads ri:dz, digs digz, saves seivz, falls, plans, swims, offers, plays, cries, goes gouz, copies kopiz(he) kisses kisiz, loses lu:ziz, relaxes, catches, judges, manages, flashes, washes, rougesPips pips, Kates keits, Mikes maiks, Jeffs jefs, Seths sethsAbes eibz, Freds fredz, Megs megz, Olives olivz, Bens benz, Mollys moliz, AnnasChriss krisiz, Tesss tesiz, Roses rouziz, Lizs liziz, Rexs reksiz, Georges jo:rjizThe -ed ending of verbsvoiceless consonant + tvoiced consonant or vowel + dt, d + idstopped stopt, liked laikt, coughed ko:ft, crossed cro:st, released rili:st, reached ri:cht, washed woshtrobbed robd, saved seivd, seized si:zd, called ko:ld, planned, occurred, bathed beithd, managed, played, tried, studiedwanted wo:ntid, hated heitid, counted kauntid, started, needed ni:did, loaded loudid, folded, addedConsonant combinationsLettersSoundsExamplescckskaccent, accept, access, eccentric, accident;accommodate, account, accuse, occur, acclaimchtchchchain, check, chief, choose, teacher, much, church;kitchen, catch, match, watch, pitch, stretchch (Latin, Greek)ch (French)kshcharacter, chemical, Chris, archive, mechanic, technical, ache;champagne, charlatan, chef, chic, machine, cacheckkblack, pack, deck, kick, pick, cracker, pocket, rocketdgejbridge, edge, judge, knowledge, budget, badgerghgf-ghost, ghastly, Ghana, ghetto;cough, enough, rough, tough, laugh;though, through, weigh, neighbor, bought, daughterguggwguard, guess, guest, guide, guitar, dialogue;language, linguistics, Guatemala, Nicaraguangngng+gking, sing, singer, singing, bang, long, wrong, tongue;finger, anger, angry, longer, longest, singlephfphone, photograph, phrase, phenomenon, biographyqukwkquality, question, quite, quote, equal, require;unique, technique, antique, grotesquescsskscience, scissors, scene, scent, scythe;scan, scandal, scare, score, Scotch, scubaschskshschool, scholar, scheme, schedule;schnauzer, scheduleshshshare, she, shine, shoe, fish, cash, push, punishththththank, thick, think, thought, thunder, author, breath, bath;this, that, then, though, father, brother, breathe, bathewhwhwhat, when, where, which, while, why, whale, wheel, white;who, whom, whose, wholexhksgzexhibition, exhumation, exhume, exhale;exhaust, exhibit, exhilarate, exhume, exhaleWith silent lettersSoundsExamplesbt, pttdoubt, debt, subtle; receipt, pterodactylkn, gn, pnnknee, knife, know; gnome, sign, foreign; pneumonia, pneumaticmb, lmmlamb, climb, bomb, comb, tomb; calm, palm, salmonpsspsalm, pseudonym, psychologist, psychiatristrhrrhapsody, rhetoric, rheumatism, rhythm, rhymewrrwrap, wreck, wrestle, wrinkle, wrist, write, wrongLetters in the suffixSoundsExamplesti, ci, si, sushnation, patient, special, vicious, pension, Asia, sensual, pressuresi, suzhvision, fusion, Asia, usual, visual, measure, pleasureIII. Long strides. Individual Sounds Practicea. Vowels: A vowel is a sound produced when the flow of air from the lungs is not blocked and the vocal chords are vibrating. bird boardarebeard aircolour both bad male blood tubesureearth doorarmbeer beardoctorknowcan fade but suittourfirst fourartcheer carefigurenocat fakecome newpoorRomelicerudeputjog big oil bed cry day beroselimerulelookhobby buildtoy bread five eight beachrobetideflutetookhospital filmannoy deadlikegave keyIdentify the vowels in the following dialogues.A: Where were you standing?B: At the gas station.A: Where was the man?B: He ran out of the bank.A: Did he have anything in his hand?B: A black bag.A: This one?B: Its too big.A: Lets give her this one, then. B: Still too big.A: Will this fit?B: Yes, I think so. Shes pretty thin.A: Can you get some red peppers?B: How many?A: Ten or twelve.B: Anything else？A: Some bread. Do you need any money?B: No, Ill pay by check. Read the following sentences and try to distinguish the vowels which appear.1. I took my dog for a long walk in the park.2. I went to the mall and bought a picture for my office.3. Oh, I went to the mall, too. I bought a new coffeepot.4. I caught a cold with a bad cough, so I just stayed home.5. I taught my daughter how to ride a bike.6. I took the wrong bus and got lost yesterday.7. I called my friend in Boston. We talked for almost an hour.8. Yesterday I played softball, then I did laundry, and then I mowed the lawn. Im still exhausted.b. Consonants: Consonants are sounds made by blocking the flow of air coming out from the lungs. pay backtalk dance keepguesssame check zoo fewvoicepaper businesstennis differentcolorgoing second kitchen zero phone veryrepeat baby return dialectoccuragain sister furniture easy perfect neverthanksthis shopping June you walk late rain television music never longthoughtthat vacation jewelry year windy alone right pleasure home nine nothingThursdaythose dishes agency yesterday would call really usually climb once thinkPractise the following dialogues with the consonants:A: Whats the weather like?B: Awful. Its wet and windy.A: Should we go for a walk anyway?B: Lets wait twenty minutes.A: I had an interview yesterday. B: At the university.A: Yes, in the music department.B: Do you know if you got the job?A: No, I dont know yet.A: Would you like to have lunch?B: Its a little early.A: Its almost twelve oclock.B: Lets wait till twelve thirty.A: Well, OK. But no later, or Ill be late for class.A: Did you remember to call Ray?B: I tried three times on Friday.A: He was probably at the library.B: Youre probably right. Ill try again tomorrow. Consonant ClustersA consonant cluster occurs when two or more consonant sounds come together.1) Consonant clusters at the beginning of wordsblue bringcloudycryquitepleasepracticeblackbreadcleancreamquietlyplaceproudbloodbridgeclockcrossquickerplentypronunciationsleepyspenddressstarttrythreeslowlyspeakingdrivestoptripthroughslimsportsdropstilltrainsthrow2) Consonant clusters at the end of wordselephantadultpleasedbeltwaistwaspchildfoxtoastyourselfpantsamusedbeansarmshortshandorangedepressedparentboyfriendshocked3) Syllabic consonants: A syllabic consonant occurs when a consonant forms a syllable by itself after another consonant, without any vowel sound between them. bottlemiddlelittlehospitalwhatllbuttoneaten didntgardenmountainspecialterribleelevenlistenhavent chemical4) Groups of consonants in the middle of wordstaxi painting quietly practical husbandairplane boyfriend raspberries successful appliances frequently afraid equipment scientist doctor atlas. Great leaps: Stress and rhythm1. Stress: Stress is emphasis given to syllables in words. Generally speaking, content words are stressed such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numbers, names and so on. Grammatical words, which are not essential for meaning, are usually unstressed. However, when certain prepositions come at the end of utterance, the grammatical words remain stressed. Stress in connected speech, then is determined by the meaning that the speaker wants to convey through the content or information words in the utterance. There are numerous instances in which the speaker may wish to put more emphasis on a grammatical word in order to draw the listeners attention to it.2. Rhythm: Rhythm is the way a language sounds as a result of the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in speech. A distinction can be made between stress-timed languages and syllable-timed languages. Stress-timed languages have the stressed syllables in speech at more or less equal intervals. Syllable-timed languages give more or less equal emphasis to each of the syllables in speech. Practise the following sentences, paying special attention to the rhythm.What did he say?Milk and bread What do we need?She told me to rest.I hope you can come.Ill call the police. Heres your change.Out to lunch.Whered he go?So do I.Give me your purse.Thanks very much.Sounds in connected speechConnected speech looks at how the way natural speech is woven together beyond the level of single words- looking at both the mechanics of connected speech (i.e. how words are joined together and run into each other in order to preserve the characteristic rhythm of English)- looking at the ways in which a speaker can manipulate stress and tone to vary meaning or express feelings or attitudes. How speech blends together1. Unstressed words tend to sound as if they are attached to the stressed words of the utterance as speech flows onwards.e.g. PUT it on the TABLE!2.Invisible consonant sounds are inserted between words to facilitate rapid and easy connected speech.e.g. for everfar away3. Vowel-linking. Type 1: The invisible consonant sound /w/ is inserted after round-lipped vowels like /u:/, /u/, /au/.e.g. Yes, you are.Please, go on.Lets do it!Type 2: The invisible /j/ sound is generally inserted after wide-lipped vowels (sounds which finish the lips in a wide, flat position) like /i/, /I:/, /ei/, /ai/ and /oi/.e.g. Yes, we are. Yes, I am.Yes, they are.4. Coalesence: some words may merge with others to from new sounds. This is particularly common with auxiliary verbs.e.g. Do you smoke?Has your train arrived?Wouldnt you?5. Elision: Some sounds may disappear from the ends of words, especially when words that end in consonant clusters are followed by words beginning with a consonant, as in:Next daywant togoing tolots of timeisnt he6. Assimilation: Consonant sound can also have their pronunciation modified by other sounds, usually at the end of wordsThat bookthat pengood bookgood picturegood girlPractise consonant + vowel:1. An hour and a half2. Neither am I3. Its upstairs.4. Both of us.5. Hes an actor.6. A while ago.7. I found it.8. Thats a lot of money9. Just a little.10. This afternoon at four oclock.Practise consonant + consonant:On Mondayloud bangcredit card Dont forget your passport.Ten peoplequite boringgreen car Youll miss your train.Met Bobbrown bagin Canada You wont need your jacket.Went backtelevision programran quickly Dont lose your camera.Seven millionbroken mirrorfelt badPractise sounds that link words: /w/ and /y/A: You know its Brians birthday. Oh, I forgot all about it.B: We should buy him a present. What about a new umbrella? It wont be too expensive.A: Its Brians birthday on Thursday.B: Do you have any ideas? A: We really ought to have a party or something for him. B: You arrange a party. What about Thursday evening? Why dont we invite a few friends?A: Yeah, lets do it Saturday. More people will be free on Saturday.Practise sound and disappearing /h/Does he like it?Whats her name?Have you found him?Hows Henry these days?He must have left already.Well be able to see him.Consolidationa. Read the following classroom English, paying special attention to the sounds and stress.The bells rung.Are you ready for class?Its time to start now.What were we talking about last time?Lets review some of the things we did last time.Have you all finished?Whos next?Your turn.Good morning, boys and girls/children/everyone.Sit down, please.Is everybody here?Now lets begin the class.Open your books at page 42.Turn to the next page.Today we will begin a new lessen.When/Where did the story take place?What/Who is the story about?What does it mean?How do you say it in English?Try it in English, please.Lets read the text aloud.Stop there, please.Thats enough, thank you.Next one, please.Say it with me./ Read after me./ Now repeat after me.Say it again. / Once more.Do you all understand?/ Is everthing clear to you?/Get it?Ok?/ Right?/ Understand?Is that right?Dont be afraid/ nervous/ shy.Am I right?Yes, you are quite right.Well learn some phonetic symbols/ phonemes.Your intonation is not correct.Listen and repeat.Listen to how I say it.How do you pronounce this?Come up to the blackborad, please.What is your answer?Write a summary of this story.There are still two mimutes to go.All right! Thats all for today, thank you.Lets have a break.Thats all for today./ So much for today.