高产母猪的饲养策略.ppt

FeedingStrategiesforProlificSows高产母猪的饲养策略 P A ThackerDepartmentofAnimalScienceUniversityofSaskatchewanSaskatoon Saskatchewan加拿大萨斯喀砌温大学动物科学系中文翻译 美国ADM公司蔡永久 猪场动力网 ChangesintheSwineIndustry 1980 2005 养猪工业的变化 1980 2005 IncreasedReproductiveEfficiency提高繁殖率ReducedBackFatLevels降低背膘厚度EarlierWeaning早期断奶Muti SiteProduction多点生产LargerOperations规模变大LowerProfitMargins利润空间变小 猪场动力网 FeedModernGenotypesDifferently现代基因型猪饲养与过去的不同 ConserveBodyTissue体组织储备 猪场动力网 ConsequencesofPoorSowNutrition母猪营养缺乏的后果 SmallerLitterSize窝重小IncreasedPigletMortality仔猪死亡率增加LighterPigsatWeaning断奶体重轻LowerConceptionRates受精率低LongerWeaningtoRebreedingInterval断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长PrematureCulling过早淘汰 猪场动力网 FormulateDietsforSpecificStagesofProduction按生产阶段配制日粮 猪场动力网 Developerdietstypicallycontainhigherlevelsofvitaminsandmineralsthanthosefedtomarketanimalssincethenutritionalrequirementsforgrowthandreproductionaredifferent 由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同 后备母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素和微量元素 Thehigherlevelsofvitaminsandmineralsaredesignedtoenhancebodyreservesofnutrientssincebreedinganimalswillremainintheherdforasignificantlylongerperiodthanmarketanimals 由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长 高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养物的储备 GiltDeveloperDiets后备母猪日粮 猪场动力网 Locomotorproblemsareacommonreasonforcullinganditisimportanttoensureadequateintakesofcalciumandphosphorus 运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因 但它对保证母猪能摄取足够的钙磷也非常重要 Severalresearchtrialshaveindicatedthatthecalciumandphosphorusrequirementsformaximalbonemineralizationarehigherthantherequirementsformaximalgrowthrate 很多实验研究表明 猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷的需要量更高 Dietsfedtoreplacementgiltsshouldbeatleast0 1 higherincalciumandtotalphosphorusthandietsfedtomarketanimalsbeginningatapproximately50kgbodyweight 从50kg体重开始 后备母猪日粮的钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高0 1 猪场动力网 Inadditiontohigherlevelsofcalciumandphosphorus thereisantidotalevidencethatsupplementingthegiltdeveloperdietwithhigherlevelsofcopper zinc iron iodineandmanganesewillincreasebodyreservesofthesemineralsandmayenhancefuturereproductiveperformance 后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙 磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜 锌 铁 碘 锰微量元素 这将有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖表现 猪场动力网 TypicalGiltFinisherDeveloper育肥猪后备母猪常量元素Macrominerals Total 钙Calcium 0 600 75磷Phosphorus 0 500 65有效磷Availphosphorus 0 200 40食盐Salt 0 330 40微量元素Microminerals Supplemented 铁Ironmg kg50150铜Coppermg kg1015锌Zincmg kg90150碘Iodinemg kg0 140 28硒Seleniummg kg0 300 30锰Manganesemg kg 20 RecommendationsforMineralFortificationofaGiltDeveloperDietComparedwithaTypicalFinisherDiet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量 猪场动力网 Thevitaminneedsofthereproducingfemalearealsogreaterthanthoseoftheterminalanimal 繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高 Thetypicalvitaminpremixusedinthefinishingbarnshouldbereplacedwitha breeder vitaminpremix 要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生素预混料 ThebreederpremixshouldcontainelevatedlevelsofthefatsolublevitaminsA D andEandthewater solublevitaminswithspecialattentiontocholine biotin pyridoxineandfolicacidwhichareusuallynotsupplementedintypicalfinishingrations 种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素A D E和水溶性多种维生素 特别注意胆碱 生物素 B6 叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素 VitaminLevelsforDeveloperDiets后备母猪日粮的维生素水平 TypicalFinisherGiltDeveloper育肥猪后备母猪VitaminAIU55008200VitaminDIU550825VitaminEIU2566VitaminKmg22VitaminB12ug1525Niacin烟酸mg2020PantothAcid泛酸mg1520RiboflavinB2mg420Choline胆碱mg01250Biotin生物素ug0200FolicAcid叶酸mg01 5PyridoxineB6mg01 0 RecommendationsforVitaminFortificationofaGiltDeveloperComparedwithaFinisherDiet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量 猪场动力网 Theobjectiveofanyfeedingstrategyforgiltsshouldbetointroducereplacementsintothebreedingherdinsuchawaythattheirbreedinglifetimeandreproductiveperformancearemaximized 后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能 FeedingGilts后备母猪的饲养 Itisimportantthatreplacementgiltsbeofsufficientage sizeandphysiologicalmaturitybeforebreeding 有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄 大小 生理成熟状态 Itisalsonecessarythattheyhaveadequatereservesoffatandleanintheirbodyatfirstmating 也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉储备 猪场动力网 Atleast135kgliveweight至少135公斤活体重Atleast16 20mmP2backfat至少P2背膘厚度16 22毫米Atsecondestrusorlater至少处于第二个发情期或更晚 TargetsforGiltsatFirstMating后备母猪第一次配种时的目标指数 BodyWeightP2BackfatatNumberofPigletsBornatMating kg Mating mm Parity1Parity1to5配种时体重P2背脂厚度初胎产仔数1 5胎产仔总数11714 67 151 012615 89 857 313617 710 356 914620 010 559 815722 410 551 716625 39 951 3Challinoretal 1996 ReproductivePerformanceofSowsAccordingtoBodyWeightandBackFatatFirstMating母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关 猪场动力网 FeedingReplacementGiltsFromHerdEntryUntilMating后备母猪从进入种群到配种的饲养 Formostgenotypesofgiltsthereisnoneedtodoanythingspecialtomanipulatebodycomposition 对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想改变其身体组分 Allthatwillberequiredwillbetofeedagiltdeveloperdietadlibitumfromarrivalinthebreedingherduntilmating 从进入繁殖群到配种 最必需的是用后备母猪专用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪 Thisdietshouldcontainabout3000 3200kcalofDE kgand0 70 0 80 lysine 该日粮应含3000 3200大卡 kg消化能和0 7 0 8 赖氨酸 猪场动力网 BodyWeightofGilt后备母猪体重10 2020 5050 100DEIntake Mcal day 3 46 409 0消化能 兆卡 天 CrudeProtein 粗蛋白20 918 016 3TotalLysine 总赖氨酸1 150 950 75TotalLysine g day天 11 519 022 5gLysine McalDE3 382 962 50克赖氨酸 兆卡消化能AdaptedfromNRC 1998 Assumesadlibintakeandaleangrowthpotentialof325g day假设自由采食 瘦肉生长潜力为325克 天 NutrientLevelstoMaximizeLeanTissueGrowthRatesinDevelopingGilts后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需的营养水平 Forgenotypeswhosegrowthrateissorapidthattheyarelikelytobesignificantlyoverthetargetweightbeforereachingpuberty itmaybenecessarytorestrictenergyintake 在性成熟阶段之前 对于那些生长过快很可能显著超过目标体重的后备母猪品种 有必要限制它们的能量摄入 Theobjectiveofrestrictingenergyintakeduringrearingistolimitmaturebodysizeandreducefeetandlegproblemsassociatedwithfemalesthatbecometooheavyortoofat Therearetwopossibilitiestoaccomplishthis 饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是限制成熟母猪的体重 减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病 通常采用两种方法 1 RestrictFeedIntake 2 4 2 6kg 限制日采食量2 ReduceEnergyDensity降低能量浓度 猪场动力网 EffectofHighFibreGestationDietsonReproductivePerformance高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能的影响 Standard50 Sugar50 MixedGestationDietBeetPulpFibreSources标准怀孕日粮50 甜菜粕50 纤维混合物NetEnergyContent MJ kg 净能含量9 038 496 72GestationFeedIntake kg 怀孕猪采食量281290368GestationEnergyIntake MJNE 229622162287怀孕猪摄入净能LactationEnergyIntake MJNE 145015281438泌乳猪摄入净能GestationWeightGain kg 怀孕猪体增重58 761 667 9LactationWeightLoss kg 泌乳猪体失重8 06 39 6PigsBornAlive出生活仔数10 810 910 7BirthWeight kg 出生重1 61 51 7PigsWeaned断奶仔猪数9 59 39 328DayWeaningWeight kg 8 48 18 428天断奶重 VestergaardandDanielsen 1998 AnimalScience68 355 362 MixedFibre Grassmeal wheatbranandoathulls 混合纤维 干草 麦麸 燕麦壳 FeedingReplacementGiltsPriorToMating后备母猪配种前的饲养 猪场动力网 FeedingGiltsPriortoMating后备母猪配种前的饲养 Theobjectiveofthefeedingprogramimmediatelybeforematingistomaximizethenumberofeggsovulated 在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化 Ovulationrateistheprinciplefactorlimitinglittersizeingiltsandincreasingtheleveloffeedintakepriortomatingwillsignificantlyincreaseovulationrate 排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子 在配种前提高采食量能显著性地增加排卵效率 Ovulationrateincreasesby1 2ovainresponsetoincreasedfeedintakeduringthe14 dayperiodimmediatelypriortoovulation Thisisthewellknowflushingeffect 在排卵前14天立即增加采食量 排卵数相应会增加1 2个 这是著名的 冲刷 效果 最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空 即催情补饲 FlushinghasbeenshowntoincreaseplasmalevelsofFSHandincreasethepulsefrequencyofLHsuggestingthatflushingenhancesovulationratebystimulatingthesecretionofgondotrophins 催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率 这表明催情补饲能通过刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率 Theincreaseingonadotrophinsecretionisthoughttobemediatedthroughplasmalevelsofinsulinandinsulin likegrowthfactor 1 IGF 1 促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子 1 IGF 1 的水平调节所致 Theincreaseinovulationratelikelyoccurseitherasresultofincreasedfolliclerecruitmentorareductioninatresia 排卵速率的增加很可能是由于卵泡增生加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下降所致 猪场动力网 TheEffectsofFeedLevelDuringtheFirstEstrousCycleonLitterSize在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重的效果 Shouldfeedintakeberestrictedforanyreasonduringtherearingperiod specialprecautionsshouldbetakentoensurethatgiltsarefedadlib atleast3kg day forthetwoweekperiodpriortomating 如果在饲养过程中限制饲料采食量 应当在配种前2周采取特别措施来确保后备母猪自由采食 至少3公斤 天 SummaryofFeedingReplacementGilts后备母猪饲养小结 Feedreplacementgiltsaspecializeddeveloperdietratherthanafinisherdiettoenhancebodystoresofvitaminsandminerals 饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮 以促使体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存 Feeddietcontaining3000 3200kcalDEand0 7 0 8 lysineadlibitumtoensureadequatereservesoffatandleanatmating 日粮应含3000 3200大卡 千克消化能和0 7 0 8 赖氨酸并自由采食 确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的储备 Forsomegenotypes itmaybenecessarytorestrictfeedintaketoreducefeetandlegproblemsassociatedwithfemalesgettingtooheavyorfat 对某些品种有必要限制采食量 减少由于母猪超重过肥引起的肢蹄病 Ifforanyreasonfeedintakeisrestricted feedgiltsadlibitum 3 0kg fortwoweekperiodpriortomating 如果由于某种原因采食量受到限制 应当在配种前2周确保后备母猪自由采食 至少3公斤 天 FeedingSowsinGestation怀孕母猪的饲养 ObjectivesofFeedingPrograminGestation怀孕母猪饲喂程序的目标 猪场动力网 Minimizeembryomortality减少胚胎死亡率Providenutrientsforfetalgrowth提供胎体生长营养Providenutrientsforthegrowthoftheuterusandmammaryglands提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养Allowformaternalgrowth维持母猪的生长Replenishbodyreservesdepletedduringthepreviouslactation补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失Setthesowupmetabolicallyfortheensuinglactation调节母猪身体代谢状况为随后的泌乳做准备 Goalistohavethesowproducealarge healthylitterwithahighprobabilityofsurvivalandwiththepotentialforrapidandefficientgrowth 目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大 健康 成活率高 具快速生长效率的潜力 猪场动力网 ApproachestoGestationFeeding怀孕母猪的饲养方法 NorthAmericanSystem北美系DanishSystem丹麦系 FeedingPatternDuringGestation NorthAmericanSystem 怀孕母猪饲喂模式 北美系 NorthAmericanSystem北美模式 Inthissystem therearethreemajorphaseswherefeedintakeisadjusted Theyare 其中有三个调整采食量的主要阶段 它们是 Earlygestationwherethefocusisonembryosurvival firsttwoweeks 怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率 0 2周 Mid gestationwherethefocusisonsowbodycondition days14to100 怀孕中期关注母猪体况 14 100天 Lategestationwherethefocusisonfetalgrowthandsettingthesowupfortheensuinglactation last2weeks 怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况 为随后的泌乳做准备 最后两周 猪场动力网 FeedingDuringEarlyPregnancy NorthAmericanSystem 怀孕早期的饲养 北美系 Approximately20 30 ofallembryosdieduringthefirst30daysofgestation 怀孕早期的前30天约有20 30 的胚胎死亡 Researchhasshownthathighlevelsoffeedintakefollowingmatingareassociatedwithanincreaseinembryomortality 研究表明配种后的高采食量与高胚胎死亡率密切相关 Theprinciplemechanismcontrollingthedevelopmentofembryosandtheirsubsequentsurvivalisthesecretionofuterinespecificproteins 控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌Theseproteinsarestimulatedbyovariansteroidhormonesparticularlyprogesterone Ariseinprogesteroneearlyinpregnancyenhancestheuterineenvironmentandmakesitmoresupportiveoftheembryo 这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发 怀孕早期黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境 为胚胎提供更适宜的营养 Increasedfeedintakeshavebeenshowntobeassociatedwithadecreaseinplasmaprogesteroneasaresultofincreasedmetabolicclearanceofprogesteroneleadingtoasubsequentreductioninembryosurvival 采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快 血浆黄体酮降低有关 结果导致胚胎存活率降低 猪场动力网 FeedingLevelOvulationTotalEmbryoProgesteroneDay1 3Day3 15RateEmbryosSurvival ng ml 1 3天饲喂量3 15天饲喂量排卵数胚胎数胚胎成活率黄体酮浓度1 9kg1 9kg14 512 485 910 52 5kg1 9kg14 911 577 33 72 6kg2 6kg14 910 266 94 5 Jindaletal 1996 EffectofFeedLevelinEarlyGestationonPlasmaProgesteroneLevelsandEmbryoSurvival怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响 High planeFeeding高水平饲喂量 Increasedhepaticbloodflow增加肝中血浆流动 IncreasedmetabolicclearancerateofProgesterone黄体酮分解代谢速度增加 DecreasedplasmaprogesteroneConcentration血浆黄体酮浓度降低 Suboptimalsecretionof uterinespecificproteins 子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适 Decreasedembryosurvivalrate胚胎成活率降低 Asaresultofthisresearch itisgenerallyrecommendedthatlow 1 8 2 0kg levelfeedingbeconductedforthefirsttwoweeksofgestation 研究结果表明 通常建议怀孕头两周采用低饲喂量 1 8 2 0公斤 猪场动力网 FeedingDuringMid Pregnancy NorthAmericanSystem 怀孕中期的饲养 北美模式 Theunderlyingobjectiveoffeedingsowsduringmid gestationistoallowforamoderateweightgainandtoachieveatargetlevelofbodyfatatfarrowing 18 22mm 怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的体增重 产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平 18 22mm BreedingBackFatatBreeding mm 繁殖时背膘厚度Wt kg 891011121314151617181920115 1192 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 81 71 71 71 7120 1242 62 52 42 32 32 22 12 01 91 81 71 71 7125 1292 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 81 71 71 7130 1342 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 91 81 71 7135 1392 72 62 52 42 42 32 22 12 01 91 81 71 7140 1442 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 81 71 7145 1492 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 02 01 81 81 7150 1542 82 72 62 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 81 8155 1592 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 81 8160 1642 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 22 11 91 91 8165 1692 92 82 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 9170 1743 02 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 01 91 9175 1793 02 92 82 72 62 52 42 42 32 22 02 01 9180 1843 02 92 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 02 0185 1893 13 02 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 02 0190 1943 13 02 92 82 72 62 52 52 42 32 22 12 1195 1993 13 13 02 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 1200 2043 23 13 02 92 82 72 62 52 42 32 22 12 1205 2093 23 13 02 92 82 72 72 62 52 42 32 22 2 TargetFeedIntakesforGestatingGilts Days14to100 14 100天怀孕母猪的目标采食量 FeedingSowsinLateGestation怀孕后期母猪的饲养 猪场动力网 Thenutrientrequirementsofgestatingsowsaregreatestinlategestationwhenfetalgrowthisatitspeak 怀孕后期母猪体内胎儿生长处高峰期 对营养需要量最大 Iffeedintakeisnotincreasedduringthisperiod thesowwilllosebackfatduringthelasttwoweeksofgestation 如果这个时候不增加采食量 在怀孕最后两周母猪的背脂厚度将降低 Inaddition thereisevidencethatthiscatabolicstatewillcontributetosowsgorgingandthengoingofffeedinearlylactation 此外 有证据表明分解代谢状态将导致母猪暴食 然后泌乳早期采食量下降 Sowsshouldreceiveanadditional1 5kgoffeedperdayontopoftheirnormaldailyallowancefromday100to112ofgestation 怀孕母猪100 112天应当每天比正常采食额外增加1 5公斤饲料 PerformanceofSowsFedatNormalorHighLevelsinLateGestation day100 114 怀孕后期母猪采食量正常或高水平时的生产表现 FeedIntake kg day 2 33 9LactationIntake kg day 泌乳猪采食量6 616 67PigletGrowth g day 仔猪日增重237240WeantoEstrusInterval days 6 25 4断奶到再发情间隔时间SubsequentLitterSize窝重12 012 4 Milleretal 1996 Onsomefarms continuingtofeedtheadditional1 5kgoffeedallofthewaytofarrowingcancauseudderproblemssuchasagalactiaandmastitis 在某些猪场 怀孕全程中都多饲喂1 5公斤饲料会导致乳房问题 如无乳症和乳房炎 Inaddition feedintakemaybereducedinearlylactation 另外 泌乳早期采食量可能降低Ifthisprovestobethecase thentheadditionalfeedshouldbediscontinuedapproximately2daysbeforetheexpectedduedateofthesow 如果事实是这样的话 在母猪预产期前大约2天应当停止加料 FeedingPatterninGestation DanishSystem 怀孕母猪的饲喂模式 丹麦系 Earlygestation days0to28 providesowswithhighlevelsoffeed 3 0kg day 怀孕早期0 28天提供母猪高采食量 3 0kg day Midgestation days28to90 feed1 8to2 4kgoffeed dependingonsowcondition怀孕中期28 90天根据母猪体况 每天供食1 8 2 4kg Lategestation days90to110 feed3 0 3 5kgoffeed day怀孕后期90 110天 每天喂食3 0 3 5kg 猪场动力网 ComparisonofSystems两种饲喂模式的比较 Thetotalfeedprovidedtosowsingestationisapproximatelythesameinthetwosystems 两种模式中母猪怀孕阶段的总饲喂量是相同的 However thepatternofintakesdiffersdramatically withthetwosystemsbeingcompletelycontradictoryinrecommendationsduringearlyandmidgestation 但是 二者之间喂食模式显著不同 在怀孕早期和中期的建议喂食量完全相反 UnderNorthAmericanconditionsandusingtraditionalgenotypes highfeedintakesinearlygestationhavebeenshowntobedetrimentaltoreproductiveperformance 在北美养殖条件下的传统品种 怀孕早期的高采食量已经证明会对繁殖性能产生有害的影响 EffectofFeedIntakeinEarlyGestation day0 25 onSowReproductivePerformance怀孕早期的采食量对母猪繁殖性能的影响 High高Low低 3 5kg 1 5kg Weightchangeearlygestation kg 怀孕早期的体重变化11 600 57Backfatchangeearlygestation mm 怀孕早期的背脂变化1 870 76Littersize窝重大小10 9512 05 Primeetal 1988 AnimalProduction46 499 ComparisonofSystems两种饲喂模式的比较 DanishproducersusingtheDanishsystemareachievingveryhighlevelsofproductivity 30pigs sow year 丹麦模式生产者获得非常高水平的生产成绩 30头小猪 母猪 年 However itisnotknownwhetherornotthesystemcanbeappliedtoNorthAmericangenotypes 但是 这个模式能否适用于在北美品种还不知道 ResearchshouldbeconductedtodeterminetheproductivityofthesystemunderNorthAmericanconditionsusingdifferentgenotypes 研究应当在北美条件下 用不同品种进行测试 以决定这个养殖模式的生产成绩 猪场动力网 FeedinginGestation怀孕母猪的饲养 Regardlessofthesystemused theprinciplegoalofthefeedingprogramduringgestationistotrytokeepthesowsinthebreedingherd fitnotfat 不管用哪个模式 怀孕阶段饲喂程序的基本目标是保持母猪体况适中而不过肥 Clearlybothunderconditioningandoverconditioningaredetrimentaltothefuturereproductiveperformance 很明显 母猪体况偏瘦和过肥对将来的繁殖性能都是有害的 ConsequencesofThinSows母猪体况偏瘦的后果 Failuretorecycleafterweaning断奶后很难再发情Lowersubsequentconceptionratesandlittersize随后怀孕率低 并且窝仔少Increasedsusceptibilitytobonefractures增加骨折的可能性Prematureculling过早淘汰 increasedfarrowingdifficulty增加产仔困难increasedincidenceofcrushedpiglets增加踩压小猪的发生机率decreasedlactationfeedintake减少泌乳期采食量lowermilkproduction降低泌乳量increasedsusceptibilitytoheatstress提高了对热应激的敏感性 ConsequencesofFatSows母猪体况过肥的后果 MethodstoAssessAdequacyofGestationFeedingProgram评价怀孕母猪饲喂程序恰当如否的方法 WeighSows target45 60kggain 母猪增重 目标45 60公斤 ConditionScore targetforscoreof3 体况评分 目标3分 MeasureBackfat target18 22mm 背脂检测 目标18 22mm 猪场动力网 EffectofSowBodyConditiononReproductivePerformance母猪体况对繁殖性能的影响 1Sowswithmoresowsincorrectbodyconditionhadlowermortality r2 0 83 andweanedmorepigs r2 0 88 2Scharlach 2005母猪体况达标率越高 母猪死亡率越低 断奶小猪头数越多 FeedingSowsDuringLactation哺乳母猪的饲养 ObjectivesofFeedingtheSowDuringLactation哺乳母猪的饲喂目标 StimulateMilkFlow刺激泌乳量MaintainBodyConditionoftheSow维持母猪体况PrepareSowforRebreeding为下次繁殖做准备 TheEffectofFeedIntakeDuringLactationonReproductivePerformance哺乳母猪采食量对繁殖性能的影响 DailyLactationFeedIntake kg 日采食量 1 52 22 93 64 35 0LactationWeightLoss kg 44 530 827 419 615 89 0泌乳失重BackfatLossDuringLactation mm 8 97 16 45 74 24 0泌乳阶段背膘损失WeaningtoConceptionInterval day 29 832 423 616 415 511 4断奶到怀孕的间隔时间NumberofEggsOvulated12 213 310 913 311 712 0排卵数 SowsinEstrus8DaysAfterWeaning8 333 350 058 358 383 3断奶后8天发情的母猪比例 KingandDunkin 1986 Anim Prod 17 65 75 猪场动力网 Withpropermanagement modernsowshavethecapacitytoconsistentlyproducelitterswith12 13pigletsandsubsequentlygeneratesufficientmilktosupportlitterweightgainsinexcessof3kgaday 如果管理恰当 现代母猪有能力连续每窝稳定产仔12 13头 随后泌乳量足够 从而可使每天窝增重超过3公斤 However thismustbeaccomplishedwithoutcompromisingthesow sabilitytobere bredshortlyafterweaningoraffectingthesizeofthesubsequentlitter但是 这种效益只能是在母猪断奶后即再配种的能力并随后窝重不受影响的情况之下 FeedingSowsinLactation哺乳母猪的饲喂 Everyeffortshouldbemadetostimulatethefeedintakeofthesowduringlactation应设法提高泌乳母猪的采食量 猪场动力网 MethodsofIncreasingLactationFeedIntake增加哺乳母猪采食量的方法 Althoughitisgenerallybelievedthathighfeedintakesingestationareassociatedwithlowerfeedintakesinlactationandsubsequentlossofcondition recentevidencesuggeststhatitisnotnecessarilythehighfeedinglevelingestationthatproducesthenegativeeffectsbutratherthefatnessofthesowatfarrowing 虽然通常认为怀孕阶段的高采食量与哺乳阶段的低采食量和随后的体况损失有关 但是最近证据表明真正原因不是高采食量 而是产仔时母猪体况过肥 Dependingongenotypeandparity lactationintakebeginstodeclinewhenbackfatlevelsexceed22mm Theeffectisparticularlyseverewhenbackfatlevelsreach24 25mm 视品种和胎次 背脂厚度超过22mm时哺乳母猪的采食量会逐步下降 当厚度超过24 25mm时 影响尤其严重 EnsureProperBodyConditionofSows确保母猪合适的体况 Themechanismthroughwhichahighfeedintakeingestationreducesfeedintakeinlactationappearstobemediatedbyfactorsthatcontrolhunger 怀孕阶段的高采食量会降低哺乳阶段的采食量 其机制似乎由控制饥饿的因子调节 Duringlactation insulinlevelsofsowsfedloweramountsoffeedingestationaremuchhigherthanthoseofsowsfedadlibitum 在哺乳阶段 如怀孕阶段低采食量母猪的胰岛素