段落写作.ppt

段落写作ParagraphWriting 写好段落的意义 它是文章的重要组成部分词 句 段 篇它是英语实际运用的基础它是英语能力的综合体现 写好段落的标准 一段一要点主题句开头切忌杂而乱不长也不短承上与启下 写好段落的标准 一段一要点 在写作过程中 将文章划分为一个个段落的目的 就是将要阐述的信息分割为有一定意义的信息块 组 而将这些信息块 组 按照一定的逻辑关系排列起来 就构成了文章的整体 因此 在一个段落里 最好只呈现文章的一个要点 并紧紧围绕这一要点进行写作 一定要注意不要在一个段落内塞入二三个甚至更多的要点 这会使读者感到困惑 不知本段侧重陈述什么内容 主题句开头主题句 TS TopicSentence 是对整个段落要阐述内容的高等浓缩概括 用一句或两句话将其表述出来 一般来说 要将主题句放在段落的第一句 以便让读者一开始就明了作者在本段落要陈述的内容 但如果有承上启下的过渡句时 也可将主题句放在过渡句的后面 写好段落的标准 切忌杂而乱一个段落之内的句子都是围绕主题句的中心思想所展开的 并非杂乱无章地堆砌在一起 这些句子一定要与该段所表达的要点密切相关 并且按照一定的逻辑关系排列 句子之间可以使用恰当的关联词语衔接起来 以保持段落的完整性 写好段落的标准 不长也不短在遵循上面的的原则以外 还需要注意段落的长度 一般情况下 一个段落不要太短 1到2句话 也不可太长 15句话以上 段落太短很难将意思表达清楚 太长则读者会感到疲倦 写好段落的标准 承上与启下由于每个段落集中阐述一个要点 段与段之间是相对独立的 因此段落前后最好使用一些关联词语或过渡语句 使其能够和上下段落有机地串联起来 整篇文章才能结构紧凑 浑然一体 写好段落的标准 段落的组成部分 主题句topicsentence推展句supportingsentences结论句concludingsentence Advertisementsareusefultothemanufactures Withtheirhelp themanufacturescanprovidepeoplewithinformationabouttheirnewproducts theirgoodquality theircheappricesandtheirpopularity Asaresult theymightsellwell which inreturn maygreatlybenefitthemanufactures Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers Don targuewithparents theywillthinkyoudon tlovethem Don targuewithchildren theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized Don targuewithspouses theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate Don targuewithstrangers theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly Mymother srules infact canbesummedupintwowords Don targue Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweakness Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant foradvertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonus 一 如何写好主题句 主题句是表达段落主题的句子 它用以概括段落大意 要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开 一个好的主题句就是一个好段落的开始 要写好主题句需要做到三点 主题句放在段落开头主题句的关键词明确主题句语言简洁明了 1 主题句放开头 主题句通常放在段落的开端 其特点是开门见山地摆出问题 然后加以详细说明 其作用是使文章的结构更清晰 更具说服力 便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容 主题句放在段中起到承上启下的作用 或放在段尾起概括全段的作用 Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy Intownsandinvillages onfarmsandinfactories machineshavemadelifeeasierthanitusedtobe Themachinesuseenergy andenergyisneededforheating lighting communications carryinggoods everything Factoriesandindustrialplantsuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell 2 关键词明确 段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的 关键词要尽量写得具体些 具体 的含义包括 要具体到能制约段落的发展内容 要具体到能导向段落的发展方向 准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题 写好段落主题句的重要前提之一 Therearetwowaysinwhichonecanownabook Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit justasyouhavemadeitapartofyourselfandthebestwaytomakeyourselfapartofitisbywritinginit 2 关键词明确 Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart A22 yearstudywasconductedbydoctorsinCalifornia Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoworkatphysicaljobsexperiencefewerheartattacksthanotherpeople Theseactivepeopleworkallthetimeatmoderatespeeds theirdailyroutinegivesthemanadequateamountofexerciseandhelpsthemstayinshape 2 关键词明确 Waterisimportant Waterisimportanttous Tomisagoodstudent Tomisahard workingstudent 2 关键词明确 Hecanfixabicyclehimself How Why When Thus Hecanfixabicyclehimselfinseveralsimplesteps Thereareseveralreasonswhyhecanfixabicyclehimself 2 关键词明确 Shetriestoimproveherlooks How Why When Thus Shetriesmanywaystoimproveherlooks Therearesomereasonswhyshetriestoimproveherlooks 2 关键词明确 YousaidyouweregoingtolearnChineseinJinhuaChineseschoolandaskedmetofindaflatforyou NowIamwritingtotellyousomethingabouttheoneI vefoundforyou I mgladtoknowthatyouwillcometoChinaandI vefoundaflatforyou 3 语言简洁明了 课堂练习 就下面的关键词写出主题句 1 BirthdayParty2 Hobby3 MyFriend4 Examination5 OlympicGames 1 MybirthdaywillcomeandIplantotakeabirthdayparty 2 Ionlyplaybadmintonasahobby 3 MyeyesmovingfromfacetofaceandIwondersheismyfriendorfoe 4 Ifyouwanttoentertheuniversityyoumusttotakeanexaminationinmath 5 WehaveeveryconfidenceinBeijing sabilitytostageanexcellentOlympicgames 1 Therewasanunexpectedthingthathashappenedonmytwentiethbirthdayparty 2 Youcanachievemoreknowledgeandhappinessfromyourhobbies 3 Myfriendworkshardonhismathstudy 4 DoyouthinkthatitisnecessaryforustotakeaCET4examination 5 NotonlydoOlympicGameshaveadvantages butalsohavedisadvantages 1 Myfriendsgavemefourdifferentbirthdaypartiesduringthepastfouryears 2 Myhobbiesarequietdifferentfromothers 3 Ihavesomefriendswhocomefromdifferentcountries 4 Theexaminationincludesthefollowingparts 5 ThereareseveralreasonswhytheOlympicGameswillbeheldinChina 1 Iwenttomybestfriend sbirthdaypartylastMonday 2 Oneofmyhobbiesisdrawingoldpictures 3 Myfriendishardworkingandwarm hearted 4 IhadsomanyexaminationswhenIwasintheseniorhighschool 5 Therearesomenewcompetitionsin2008OlympicGames 1 NextFridayIwillgotomybestfriendAngela sbirthdayparty 2 Ihavemanyhobbies suchasplayingbadminton listeningtothemusicandchattingwithmyfriends 3 WhatIdefinemyfriendiswhocanshareherhappinessandsorrowwithmewheneverwegettogether 4 Inmyopinion theexaminationisavailablebutnotnecessary 5 Oneworld onedream Beijingwillwelcomethe2008OlympicGames 1 MygoodFriendscelebratedtomybirthday andgavememanykindsofpresents 2 Maryhastwohobbiesunusualtootherpeople 3 Afriendisapersonwhocanletyoufeelwarmwhenyouaredepressed SoIhavemanyfriends 4 Ithinkexaminationhasadvantageanddisadvantage 5 TherearemanyprojectsintheOlympicGames 1 LastSaturdayallofmyclosefriendscametomyhometocelebratemybirthday Wehadagoodtime 2 Ithinkallofyouhavehobbies Butyouknowthatdifferenthobbiesleadtodifferentcharacters 3 Youarelonelyifyouhavenofriends Iamveryhappytohaveaclosefriend 4 Examinationisawayforteachertocheckstudents butitisabadbehaviorofcheatingintheexamination AllthepeopleinChinafeelexcitingbecausethatthe2008OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijing 段落的组成部分 主题句topicsentence推展句supportingsentences结论句concludingsentence 推展句的特点 围绕段落主题句的中心思想展开 推展句本身一般不要求作进一步的说明或证明 句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的 有时段落中还可能出现次要推展句对主要推展句做进一步分析和说明 推展句的写法 叙事 按事情的起因 经过和结果的时间顺序组织安排语句 描述 按地点和景物变换的空间顺序组织安排语句 议论 按论说的重要程度安排 一般顺序是先次要后主要 最主要的理由放在最后 TS TherearethreereasonswhyIliketofish SS1 First Fishingcandevelopman spersonality SS2 Second fishingcanhelpyoukilltime SS3 andfinally fishingcanmakeyoubecomemorepatient CS Therefore fishingismyfavoriteexercise Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate Onefactoristhemountofsunlightreceived Altitude ortheheightabovesealevel alsodeterminesclimate Theoceanshaveaneffectontheclimateofadjacentland Inaddition climateisinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationoftheatmosphere 次要推展句 次要推展句 minorsupportingstatement sentence 是针对主要推展句 majorsupportingstatement sentence 而言 指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明 它从属于某一个或某几个推展句 Idon tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving mechanic carpenter writer Forme teachingisared eye sweaty palm sinking stomachprofession Red eye becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing Sweaty palm becauseI malwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam Sinking stomach becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual 主推句与次推句的关系 基本可遵循下面的 三部分 three part 规则每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接 明确的说明 每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句 有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要主要推展素材 又要有次要推展材 写好推展句的方法 主题句及关键词确定后 开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材 实质上 针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程 有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问 然后解答 即设问 解答 why because 的方法 写好推展句的方法 TS Englishisaninternationallanguage Whycanwesay Englishisaninternationallanguage Because answersarethesupportingsentences 写好推展句的方法 Because Englishisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld Over70percentoftheworld smailiswritteninEnglish Morethan60percentoftheworld sradioprogramsareinEnglish IstillrememberthedaywhenIcametothisschool InthecenterofBeijingisTianAnMenSquare 写好推展句的方法 IstillrememberthedaywhenIcametothisschool ItwasonthemorningofSept 1st 2005 WhenIcameintotheschool manyvolunteerstudentsmetmewarmlyandhelpedfinishalltheregistration Thentheyshowedmethewaytomydormitory Atthelunchtime Ifoundmywalletwasleftinmyroom Andwithoutanyhesitation asophomorepaidforme Intheevening Iwasalittlehomesick itwasthosestudentswhoaccompaniedmeuntilIsleptsoundly HowhappyIwasonthefirstdaywhenIbecameafreshmaninthecollege InthecenterofBeijingisTianAnMenSquare AcrossfromitisthemonumentofPeople sheroes ChairmanMao sMemorial theMuseumofRevolutionaryHistoryandthePeople sHall BythesideofitisZhongNanhai officesofthePartycommitteeandtheChinesegovernment Inthemiddleisthebiggestsquareintheworldwherepeoplegettogethertotakepartintheimportantactivities TianAnMenSquareisthesymbolofChina Itistheheartofpolitical economicandmilitaryaffairs 段落推展法 段落推展写作方法 列举法 details 举例法 example 叙述法 narration 对比 比较法 contrast comparison 分类法 classification 因果分析法 causeandeffect 定义法 definition 重复法 repetition 列举法 details 通过列举一系列的论据对主题句中摆出的论点进行广泛 全面地陈述或解释 列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性 时间 空间等进行 常用于列举法的过渡连接词有 foronething foranother finally besides moreover oneanother stillanother first second also等 列举法 details YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong First Ididn thearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork Then Ididn treadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss Duringthecoffeebreak Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt Atlunchtime Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit Afterlunch mybosswasangrybecauseIhadn tgonetothemeeting ThenIdidn tnoticeasignonadoorthatsaid WetPaint andsoIspoiltmyjackettoo WhenIgothomeIcouldn tgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand 举例法 example 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述 说明主题句的内容 严格地讲 举例法也是列举法的一种 它们的区别在于 列举法侧重罗列事实 所列事实力求全面 而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点 且事例可多可少 举例法中常用的连接词有 forexample instance oneexampleis besides furthermore moreover inaddition等 举例法 example Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes Forexample thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames Foranotherexample iftheyprefertoexercisealone theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening Besides peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter Inshort nomatterwhattheirinterestsare peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem 叙述法 narration 叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序 通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用 有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段 用这种方法展开段落 作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末 从而可以使读者可以清晰 完整地理解文章的含义 常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有 first atthebeginning tostartwith afterthat later then afterwards intheend finally等 叙述法 narration Intheflatopposite awomanheardthenoiseoutside Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation Inanswertothecall apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping 对比 比较法 contrast comparison 将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法 通过对比 更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点 常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有 than comparedwith等 对比 比较法 contrast comparison Theheartofanelectroniccomputerliesinitsvacuumtubes ortransistors Itselectroniccircuitsworkathousandtimesfasterthanthenicercellsinthehumanbrain Aproblemthatmighttakeahumanbeingalongtimetosolvecanbesolvedbyacomputerinoneminute 分类法 classification 在阐述某一概念的段落中 常用分类法 通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类 分别加以叙述 使读者有更为清晰的认识 分类法 classification Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication Generally thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech Whenthereisalanguagebarrier communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters wordsandideas Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally spelling however cannot Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions eitherintentionallyorunintentionally Anodsignifiesapproval whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction Otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags Morsecode andpicturesigns 因果分析法 causeandeffect 在阐述某一现象的段落中 常采用因果分析法 常用于因果分析法的连接词有 because so asaresult等 因果分析法 causeandeffect Theroleofwomenintoday ssocietyischanging Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomen smovement Also womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsandinterestsserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen Moreover menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively 定义法 definition 在科普文章的写作中 定义法是必不可少的 通过下定义 可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识 常出现在定义法中的词语有 referto mean call等 定义法 definition Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomationoperationofproductivemachinery Itreducesthehumanfactors mentalandphysical inproduction andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe SecondIndustrialRevolution 重复法 repetition 句子的一部分反复出现在段落中 这就是重复法 它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛 使文章结构紧凑 有感染力 Sincethattime whichisfarenoughawayfromnow Ihaveoftenthoughtthatfewpeopleknowwhatsecrecythereisintheyoung underterror Iwasinmortalterroroftheyoungmanwhowantedmyheartandliver Iwasinmortalterrorofmyinterlocutorwiththeironleg Iwasinmortalterrorofmyself fromwhomanawfulpromisehadbeenextracted 推展句练习 就下面的主题句写出推展句 不少于三句 1 ThereareseveralreasonswhyIliketo 2 Ihadanexciting dangerous interesting etc experiencetheotherday 3 ItisnotverydifficulttowritealetterinEnglish 段落的组成部分 主题句topicsentence推展句supportingsentences结论句concludingsentence 结论句的写法 文章的结尾也很重要 好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象 可以增添文章的效果和说服力 让人深思 回味无穷 确切地说 结尾的作用就是概括全文内容 进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想 使读者加深印象 有时也用于展望未来 提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地 结论句的写法 重复主题概括总结引用经典反问读者未来展望 重复主题 Repetitionofthetopic 重复主题指回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上 达到再次肯定和强调的效果 重复主题 Repetitionofthetopic Asenseofhumorisreallyoneofthekeystohappiness Itgiveszesttolifetomakeitworthliving Withallthesebenefits itisnowonderthatsportsandgameshavenowbecomemorepopularwithpeoplethanever 概括总结 Summary 概括总结指文章最后用几句话概括全文内容 并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或